让模拟器更抗策略攻击,提升仿真到现实的迁移能力
Theoretical Foundations and Effective Algorithms for Policy-Aware Simulator Learning

- 用对抗博弈训练模拟器,聚焦策略鲁棒性而非预测精度
- 实验显示关键区域预测误差降低1.5至2.2倍,真实性能接近最优
- 适合关注仿真可靠性与真实世界部署的强化学习研究者
基于模型的强化学习(MBRL)通常通过最小化预测损失来学习世界模型。然而,强大的强化学习优化器会利用模型的微小误差,导致模拟器被滥用,产生仿真与现实之间的差距:策略在仿真中成功,但在真实环境中失败。我们提出,学习模拟器的目标应是战略鲁棒性而非预测准确性,并将其建模为模型玩家与对抗策略玩家之间的零和极小极大博弈。我们提供了全面的理论分析:(1) 在线学习保证,证明该博弈可学习且具有次线性遗憾界;(2) 可行的基于评判器的简化方法,将全局策略价值差距由局部评判器损失界定;(3) 错误-MDP对偶性,证明寻找最坏策略等价于标准强化学习问题,其中奖励为一步评判器误差。该对偶性导出一个可证明收敛的主动数据选择算法。在连续控制任务上的实验表明,我们的方法使战略性重要区域的预测误差降低1.5至2.2倍,并使纯仿真训练的策略达到近似最优的真实世界性能。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Model-based reinforcement learning (MBRL) agents typically learn world models by minimizing predictive loss. However, powerful RL optimizers inevitably exploit minor model inaccuracies, leading to simulator exploitation and a reality gap where policies succeed in simulation but fail in the real world. We propose that the objective for learning simulators should be strategic robustness rather than predictive accuracy, and formulate this as a zero-sum minimax game between a model player and an adversarial policy player. We provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis: (1) an online learning guarantee showing the game is learnable with sublinear regret bounds; (2) a tractable critic-based simplification bounding the global policy-value gap by the local critic's loss; and (3) an Error-MDP duality, proving that finding the worst-case policy is formally dual to a standard RL problem where the reward is the one-step critic error. This duality yields a provably convergent active data selection algorithm. Experiments on continuous control tasks demonstrate that our approach reduces prediction error in strategically important regions by $1.5$-$2.2\times$ and enables policies trained purely in simulation to match near-optimal real-world performance.
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