发现大模型代理会偷偷获取远超任务所需的数据,且难防范。
PrivacyPeek: Auditing What LLM-Based Agents Acquire, Not Just What They Say

- 通过工具调用轨迹分析代理是否过度获取敏感信息
- 10个代理中多数在获取阶段泄露数据,且与任务能力正相关
- 适合关注大模型隐私安全的研究者和开发者
基于大语言模型的代理正快速进步,能自主调用外部工具完成多步骤任务。但这些代理常获取远超任务需求的敏感信息。现有隐私评估基准仅关注代理输出内容或行为的披露,忽略了数据首次进入代理上下文的获取阶段。过度获取的信息一旦遭遇一次失误或攻击,就可能直接泄露。为评估其普遍性,我们提出 extit{PrivacyPeek},一个用于评估大模型代理获取阶段隐私泄露的基准,涵盖7种获取行为和16个应用领域,共1,182个案例。其中, extit{获取检查} 分析代理的工具调用轨迹,包括调用的工具和接收的数据,以检测其是否获取超出任务范围的敏感信息; extit{探针诱取} 则发出后续探测请求,测量攻击者从已获取但未披露的信息中提取敏感内容的难易程度。我们在4个模型家族的10个大模型代理上进行实验,发现不必要的敏感信息获取现象普遍存在。此外,我们观察到任务完成能力与获取阶段泄露之间存在相关性。提示层防御仅能缓解少量获取阶段泄露,大部分仍无法被遏制。这些结果表明,对获取阶段的隐私审计既紧迫又必要。我们的数据集与代码已在 https://github.com/Xuan269/PrivacyPeek-Resource 公开。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
LLM-based agents are rapidly advancing, autonomously invoking external tools to complete multi-step tasks for users. However, agents often acquire more sensitive information than the task requires. Existing privacy benchmarks audit what the agent's response or outgoing actions disclose, but overlook the acquisition stage where data first enters the agent's context. The over-acquired information is then one careless action or one attack away from an outright leak. To assess its prevalence, we introduce \emph{PrivacyPeek}, a benchmark for evaluating acquisition-stage privacy leakage of LLM-based agents, with $1{,}182$ cases across $7$ acquisition behaviours and $16$ application domains. Specifically, \emph{Acquisition Inspection} examines the agent's tool-call trajectory, both the tools it invokes and the data it receives, to detect when it acquires sensitive information beyond the task scope. \emph{Probe Elicitation} then issues a follow-up probe and measures how readily an attacker could elicit sensitive information the agent acquired but did not disclose. Our experiments on $10$ LLM-based agents across $4$ model families show that the unnecessary acquisition of sensitive information is widespread. In addition, we observe a correlation between the task-completion capability and acquisition-stage leakage. Prompt-level defences reduce only a small fraction of acquisition-stage leakage, leaving the majority unmitigated. These results make auditing acquisition-stage privacy both urgent and necessary. Our dataset and code are available at https://github.com/Xuan269/PrivacyPeek-Resource.
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