通过自适应PD控制，在不依赖传感器的情况下实现机器人能量限制，保障人机交互安全。

Compliant force or torque control are approaches often investigated to achieve safe physical human-robot interaction (pHRI). However, these approaches have limitations. Force control requires a robot to be equipped with external force sensors to track the amplitude and direction of applied forces. Torque control requires torque sensing or estimation in each joint. As this is not available on every robot, energy-based approaches offer a promising alternative. Such approaches aim to achieve safe pHRI by limiting the mechanical energy of the robot. Current schemes leveraging an energy-based approach tend to have a complex implementation, and some may require further stability verification. We hence propose an adaptive proportional-derivative (PD) controller that can limit a robot's energy under any given limit to achieve safe pHRI. The proposed controller can limit both the kinetic and potential energy of a robot, and the behaviour of the controller gains can be shaped using various parameters, defining precisely the cutoff limit and sharpness. We construct a stability proof for the controller and define a condition to ensure the controller's stability. The proposed controller's behaviour and compliance are tested on the TALOS robot from PAL Robotics both in simulation and on hardware, verifying the expected compliant and energy-limiting behaviour of the controller.