通过双路径架构实现物理系统零样本迁移,推理速度超快且可认证。
Graph Transfer Learning via Shared Latent Geometry: Theory and Applications

- 设计教师-学生双路径结构,用高保真模拟数据学习稳定隐空间几何
- 在100种未见拓扑上实现95%证书通过率,精度媲美牛顿-拉夫逊法
- 适用于拓扑变化但任务不变的系统,支持无训练快速部署
工程物理系统在推断与控制时部署成本高昂:状态估计器、反问题求解器、模型预测控制器、调度器和观测器通常无闭式解,需对每个实例重新求解数值优化,每次需重新输入操作参数。物理信息学习将成本转移至训练阶段,但使用单一编码路径,其隐空间几何在微调时会退化,且缺乏定量迁移保证。本文提出一种非对称双路径架构,解决上述问题:教师编码器利用高保真模拟器提供的密集状态,通过算子多项式特征表示系统,该特征在谱扰动下保持稳定;学生编码器从稀疏场数据和算子描述中学习相同的隐空间几何。部署时教师被丢弃,冻结的学生仅需一次前向传播即可运行,并附带迁移证书。该设计关联特权信息学习、知识蒸馏与跨模态蒸馏,但目标为跨实例迁移而非固定实例预测:拓扑与算子可变,而隐任务不变。通过隐分布间的Wasserstein接近性,建立充分且近乎必要迁移条件,给出零样本误差界,并开发有限样本认证协议,在覆盖不全时主动扩展。该框架适用于任何具有可报告谱的算子系统。在电力系统状态估计中,实现对100种未见拓扑的零样本迁移,95%证书通过率,精度与拓扑感知牛顿-拉夫逊法相当,推理时间低于1毫秒。结果表明,非对称路径加算子锚定隐空间几何,为可认证的零样本推断与控制提供了基础。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Inference and control in engineered physical systems pay a heavy physics cost at deployment: state estimators, inverse-problem solvers, model-predictive controllers, schedulers, and observers are often not closed-form and must re-solve a numerical optimization per instance, with the operator re-supplied each time. Physics-informed learning moves this cost to training, but uses a single encoder pathway whose latent geometry de-learns under fine-tuning and admits no quantitative transfer guarantee. We propose an asymmetric two-pathway architecture that resolves both issues. A teacher encoder consumes privileged dense states from a high-fidelity simulator and represents the system through operator-polynomial features stable under spectral perturbation; a student encoder learns the same latent geometry from sparse field data and operator descriptors. At deployment the teacher is discarded, and the frozen student runs in a single forward pass with a transfer certificate. The design connects to privileged-information learning, knowledge distillation, and cross-modal distillation, but targets cross-instance transfer rather than fixed-instance prediction: topology and operator may change, while the latent task does not. We establish sufficient and near-necessary transfer conditions via Wasserstein proximity between latent laws, yielding a zero-shot error bound, and develop a finite-sample certification protocol with active expansion when coverage is incomplete. The framework applies wherever a system admits an operator with reportable spectrum. On power-system estimation, it achieves zero-shot transfer to 100 unseen topologies, a 95% certificate pass rate, accuracy competitive with topology-aware Newton--Raphson, and sub-millisecond inference. These results suggest asymmetric pathways plus operator-anchored latent geometry provide a foundation for certified zero-shot inference and control.
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