arXiv:2606.01160cs.AI2026-06

让语言模型生成可解释的评分,同时保持连续数值精度。

Expected Value Alignment for Generative Reward Modeling in Formal Mathematics Verification

  • 用结构化输出提取令牌分布的期望值,实现连续评分
  • 在Lean 4验证中,连续得分比离散评分更准确
  • 适合需要可解释性与高精度奖励的自动化证明场景

大语言模型(LLMs)正越来越多地与形式化交互定理证明器(如Lean 4)结合使用。通过强化学习或搜索方法扩展这些系统,需要能够评估中间推理步骤的过程奖励模型(PRMs)。现有奖励模型设计存在实际权衡:值头模型提供连续分数但改变生成模型接口,而生成式奖励模型保留文本推理过程,却因数值分散在多个标记中,难以匹配连续浮点回归。本文提出期望值对齐(EVA),一种奖励建模方法,在保持表面输出离散的同时,从模型的标记分布中提取连续分数。模型以结构化JSON格式输出整数分数,EVA通过对应锚定标记的逻辑值计算期望得分。训练结合因果语言建模目标与针对这些期望值的辅助均方误差损失。我们在Leibniz——一个面向Lean 4形式化验证的奖励模型中实现EVA,并与零样本及基于奖励建模的基线进行对比。评估表明,基于逻辑值的连续评分显著减少离散化伪影,同时保留生成式评注的可解释性。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used with formal interactive theorem provers such as Lean 4. Scaling these systems with reinforcement learning or search methods requires process reward models (PRMs) that can evaluate intermediate reasoning steps. Existing reward-model designs expose a practical trade-off. Value-head models provide continuous scores but modify the generative model interface, while generative reward models preserve textual rationales but are poorly matched to continuous floating-point regression because numeric values are split across tokens. We introduce Expected Value Alignment (EVA), a reward-modeling procedure that keeps the surface output discrete while extracting continuous scores from the model's token distribution. The model emits integer scores in a structured JSON format, and EVA computes a continuous score as the expectation over the logits of the corresponding anchor tokens. Training combines the causal language modeling objective with an auxiliary mean squared error loss on these expected values. We instantiate EVA in \textit{Leibniz}, a reward model for Lean 4 formal verification, and evaluate it against zero-shot and reward-modeling baselines. The evaluation demonstrates that continuous logit-based scoring significantly reduces discretization artifacts while retaining the interpretability of generative critiques.

形式验证奖励建模连续评分LLM应用

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