让多个容器共享一个安全虚拟机,仍能验证每个容器的可信身份。
Implement Kubernetes Pod-Level Remote Attestation for Confidential Workloads on dstack

- 用硬件签名绑定容器配置哈希,实现细粒度身份证明。
- 单个节点可承载多个容器,资源开销仅传统方案的1/4。
- 适合需高安全性的大模型服务、金融等敏感云工作负载。
大模型即服务等保密云工作负载需要加密证明:用户数据在受信任的未被篡改环境中处理。现有方案(如可信容器)采用严格的“一容器一虚拟机”模式,仅验证宿主操作系统栈,未能验证容器级身份,且每虚拟机资源开销过高。我们提出 dstack-capsule,一个基于 Intel TDX 的 Kubernetes 平台,允许多个 Pod 共享单个可信虚拟机,同时每个 Pod 保持独立的硬件背书身份证明。核心思路是双层验证架构:静态平台度量通过不可逆权限熔丝冻结至 RTMR[3];动态容器身份(pod_uid、pod_spec_hash、workload_id)嵌入 TDX Quote 报告数据字段,并在每次请求时由硬件签名。dstack-capsule 引入了(1)将容器规范摘要绑定至硬件签名报告的容器级验证协议;(2)原子式将节点从设置模式切换至安全模式的权限熔丝机制;(3)覆盖存储、运行时、准入、API 和网络隔离的多层沙箱;(4)基于 Kubernetes 1.32、Intel TDX 与 Sysbox 的完整开源实现。评估显示,该方案在无每虚拟机资源开销的前提下,实现了容器级别的验证能力。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
The rise of LLM-as-a-Service and other confidential cloud workloads demands cryptographic proof that user data is processed in a trusted, untampered environment. Existing solutions, notably Confidential Containers (CoCo), enforce a strict "one Pod per VM" model that attests only the Guest OS stack, leaving container-level identity unverified and incurring prohibitive per-VM resource overhead. We present dstack-capsule, a Kubernetes platform that enables Pod-level remote attestation on Intel TDX by allowing multiple Pods to share a single Confidential VM while each retains independent, hardware-backed proof of identity. Our key insight is a two-layer attestation architecture: static platform measurements are frozen in RTMR[3] via an irreversible privilege fuse, while dynamic Pod identities (pod_uid, pod_spec_hash, workload_id) are embedded in the TDX Quote's report_data field and signed by hardware on every request. dstack-capsule introduces (1) a Pod-level attestation protocol binding Pod spec digests to hardware-signed Quotes; (2) a privilege fuse mechanism that atomically transitions a node from setup mode to secure mode; (3) a multi-layer sandbox spanning storage, runtime, admission, API, and network isolation layers; and (4) a complete open-source implementation based on Kubernetes 1.32, Intel TDX, and Sysbox. We evaluate the security properties, attestation correctness, and performance characteristics of dstack-capsule, demonstrating that it achieves Pod-granularity verification without the resource overhead of per-VM isolation.
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