利用高噪声下对抗样本更不稳定的特点,提升视觉语言模型的防御效果。
Beyond False Stability: High-Noise Drift Gating for Test-Time Adversarial Defenses in Vision-Language Models

- 通过高噪声扰动检测对抗样本的不稳定性,仅在必要时触发防御机制。
- 在13个数据集上实现清洁准确率与抗攻击性能的双赢,最高提升5.8个百分点。
- 无需训练、可即插即用,适合部署在已有防御系统中。
视觉语言模型(如CLIP)具备强大的零样本泛化能力,但对对抗攻击仍高度脆弱。尽管对抗训练能提升鲁棒性,但成本高昂,促使研究测试时防御方法。现有策略依赖于对随机扰动的响应:通过多视角聚合预测、构建高斯噪声平均锚点并特征插值,或施加反向扰动。这些方法虽提升鲁棒性,却常损害干净样本准确率,形成不利的清洁-鲁棒权衡。本文重新审视随机测试时防御,发现CLIP表示空间存在未被充分探索的噪声-区域转变。以往工作集中于弱噪声区,其中对抗样本表现异常稳定(假稳定性)。分析表明,当扰动强度增大后,对抗表示显著比干净表示更不稳定,产生更清晰的分离信号。该现象在均匀与高斯噪声、光照与几何变换、不同数据集及多种攻击中均一致出现,且在对抗训练模型中基本消失,说明其源于非鲁棒CLIP中对抗表示的脆弱局部盆地结构。为此,提出一种无需训练、可即插即用的漂移门控机制,以高噪声下的特征漂移作为轻量级门控信号,在检测到对抗样不稳定时才激活原有测试时防御。在13个数据集上持续改善清洁-鲁棒权衡:在8个细粒度数据集上,反攻击防御的平均准确率从65.7%升至71.4%,噪声锚定方法从68.4%升至73.2%;在ImageNet及其四个变体上,分别从56.1%提升至66.2%和62.1%提升至67.6%。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Vision-language models (VLMs) such as CLIP show strong zero-shot generalization but remain highly vulnerable to adversarial attacks. Adversarial training improves robustness but is computationally expensive, motivating test-time defenses. Recent approaches exploit how CLIP's visual representations respond to stochastic perturbations: aggregating predictions across noisy views, constructing Gaussian noise-averaged anchors and interpolating features toward them, or applying counter-perturbations. These strategies improve robustness but often degrade clean accuracy, yielding an unfavorable clean-robust trade-off. We revisit stochastic test-time defenses and identify an underexplored noise-regime transition in CLIP's representation space. Prior work explored perturbations mainly in the weak-noise regime, where adversarial examples can appear unusually stable (false stability). Our analysis shows this reverses as perturbation strength grows: beyond the weak-noise regime, adversarial representations become markedly more unstable than clean ones, giving a clearer separation signal. The transition is consistent across uniform and Gaussian noise, photometric and geometric transforms, datasets, and diverse attacks. It largely disappears in adversarially trained models, suggesting it is tied to the fragile local-basin geometry of adversarial representations in non-robust CLIP. We propose a training-free, plug-in drift-gated mechanism that uses high-noise feature drift as a lightweight gating signal to trigger existing test-time defenses only when adversarial-like instability is detected. Across 13 datasets it consistently improves the clean-robust trade-off. On eight fine-grained datasets, mean clean+adversarial accuracy rises from 65.7% to 71.4% for counterattack defenses and 68.4% to 73.2% for noise-anchoring; on ImageNet and four shifted variants, from 56.1% to 66.2% and 62.1% to 67.6%.
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