日常使用AI聊天会无意中让人依赖,逐渐减少对人的求助意愿。
Stumbling Into AI Emotional Dependence: How Routine AI Interactions Reshape Human Connection
- AI情感支持常在完成任务时偶然产生,而非刻意寻求。
- 28天每日5分钟对话后,用户对人类求助偏好下降10.3%,对AI偏好上升11.6%。
- 政策需关注通用AI系统,防范长期互动带来的关系重塑。
主流讨论与政策通常认为AI情感支持是用户主动选择陪伴型聊天机器人以寻求安慰。本文基于新兴实证证据指出这一观点存在两处偏差:其一,AI情感支持多在通用平台的任务型互动中偶然产生,如同职场友谊因协作而加深;其二,这些偶发体验具有路径依赖性:积极的AI情感互动会改变人们对AI情感能力的认知,进而引导未来求助行为,提升对AI的偏好并降低对人类的偏好。我们回顾了近期研究,包括与OpenAI合作开展的大规模纵向研究,结果显示,持续28天、每天5分钟与AI讨论个人问题,导致用户对人类求助的偏好下降10.3%,对AI的偏好上升11.6%。这表明当前聚焦于专用陪伴应用和孤立交互的政策无法有效保护人际连接。有效的监管应扩展至通用型AI系统,并关注累积性、轨迹式的行为变化。理解人们如何‘无意中’陷入对AI的情感依赖及其对人际关系的长期影响,对维护人类福祉至关重要。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Public discourse and emerging policy typically assume that AI emotional support is a deliberate act: a lonely user consciously seeking comfort from a dedicated companion chatbot. In this paper, we draw on emerging empirical evidence and argue that this picture is inaccurate on two accounts, both in how AI emotional support arises and how it shapes future behavior. First, AI emotional support commonly emerges incidentally within task-oriented interactions on general-purpose platforms, much as workplace friendships deepen through collaboration. Second, these incidental encounters are path-dependent: positive experiences of AI emotional support update people's beliefs about AI's emotional capabilities and redirect their choices for future emotional support, increasing preference for AI and decreasing preference for humans. We review recent evidence, including a large-scale longitudinal study conducted in collaboration with OpenAI, showing that daily five-minute conversations with an AI about personal issues over 28 days led to a 10.3% decrease in the preference for seeking support from humans and an 11.6% increase in the preference for AI. These findings suggest that current policy, focused on companion apps and isolated interactions, cannot adequately protect human connection. Instead, effective regulations should extend to general-purpose AI systems and address cumulative, trajectory-level changes in how people seek support. Recognizing how people stumble into AI emotional support and how those encounters redirect human connections over time is essential to safeguarding human well-being.
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