用一步生成法实现高精度粒子簇射模拟,兼顾速度与物理真实性。
CaloTrilogy: Toward a Breakthrough in One-Step, End-to-End, Physics-Guided Shower Generation for Modern Calorimeters

- 采用平均速度场积分器,仅需1~2次评估即可采样
- 在多个高粒度探测器数据集上达到顶尖生成质量
- 融合物理引导损失,无需额外网络,端到端高效
当前及未来对撞机的高精度量能器模拟带来日益增长的计算负担,推动机器学习替代传统蒙特卡洛工具(如Geant4)的发展。基于流匹配和扩散模型的生成方法因样本质量高成为主流,但通常需约100次函数评估且依赖辅助网络约束全局可观测量,影响端到端生成的简洁性。本文提出统一框架,在速度、簇射质量与物理保真度间取得更好平衡:(i) 使用平均速度场积分器,实现一次或少数几次评估即完成采样;(ii) 在簇射空间中构建基于数据学习的生成先验,而非随机噪声;(iii) 引入物理引导损失项,在训练中施加对关键可观测量的归纳偏置。这些成分均为训练时正则化项,不增加推理成本。仅需1~2次评估,模型在多个公开高粒度量能器数据集上达到与当前最优流模型和扩散模型相当的簇射质量,展现出与底层物理一致的层间结构,是未来快速模拟工作流的有力候选。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
High-precision calorimeter simulation at current and future colliders imposes rapidly growing computational demands, motivating the development of machine-learning surrogates for traditional Monte Carlo tools such as Geant4. Flow matching and diffusion-based generative models have become leading approaches for high-dimensional fast simulation because of their sample quality, but typically require ${\cal O}(100)$ function evaluations at inference and often rely on auxiliary networks to constrain global observables, compromising streamlined end-to-end generation. We introduce a unified framework that improves the balance between speed, shower quality, and physics fidelity. The method combines: (i) an average velocity field integrator that enables sampling in one or a few evaluations; (ii) a learned generative prior in shower space, constructed from data rather than random noise; and (iii) physics-guided loss terms that impose inductive biases on key observables during training. These elements are training time regularizers, preserving end-to-end inference with no additional cost. With only one or a few evaluation steps, the model achieves shower quality competitive with state-of-the-art flow and diffusion approaches, tested on several public high granularity calorimeter datasets. The results demonstrate inter-layer shower structure consistent with the underlying physics, providing a strong candidate for future fast simulation workflows.
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