2-bit量化下用低秩适配+合成数据恢复大模型精度,适合边缘设备部署。
Recover-LoRA for Aggressive Quantization: Reclaiming Accuracy in 2-Bit Language Models via Low-Rank Adaptation with Knowledge Distillation on Synthetic Data
- 仅对MLP的gate和up层做2比特量化,其余层保持高精度,降低误差范围。
- 在Qwen3-4B上用1万条合成数据训练,9个基准测试恢复80%~95%准确率。
- 无需真实标注数据,合成数据即可实现良好泛化,适合实际部署场景。
将大语言模型权重激进量化至2比特可显著提升推理吞吐与内存效率,但通常导致严重准确率下降。本文将轻量级、无数据的Recover-LoRA方法扩展至超低比特量化场景。提出选择性混合精度策略:仅对MLP中的gate和up投影层进行2比特(W2)量化,其余线性层保持更高精度,形成W4/W2-GateUp配置。跨三个模型规模(4B–20B)与两个硬件平台的屋顶分析显示,该方案相比统一W4量化可提升7.5%–23.3%每秒事务数(TPS),且量化误差被限制在特定层内。随后通过日志蒸馏结合合成数据,在量化层上训练低秩适配器以恢复精度。在Qwen3-4B案例研究中,仅使用1万条合成样本即在12个基准测试中的9个上实现80%–95%的准确率恢复。进一步表明合成数据在蒸馏恢复中表现媲美标注数据,且恢复效果可泛化至分布外任务。结果验证了Recover-LoRA作为部署场景中激进权重压缩下的实用后量化精度恢复工具的有效性。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Aggressive weight quantization to 2-bit precision offers substantial throughput and memory gains for large language model (LLM) inference, but typically incurs severe accuracy degradation. These gains are particularly relevant for edge and on-device deployment, where memory capacity and bandwidth are primary constraints. In this work, we extend Recover-LoRA -- a lightweight, data-free accuracy recovery method originally developed for general model weight corruption -- to the setting of ultra-low-bit quantization. We propose a selective mixed-precision strategy in which only gate and up projection layers of the MLP are quantized to 2-bit (W2), while all other linear layers remain at higher precision, yielding a mixed-precision GateUp configuration. We demonstrate via roofline analysis across three model families (4B--20B) and two hardware platforms that a W4/W2-GateUp deployment (4-bit base with 2-bit gate/up) delivers 7.5--23.3\% TPS improvement over uniform W4 depending on model and context length, while confining quantization error to a predictable subset of layers. We then apply Recover-LoRA -- training low-rank adapters on the quantized layers via logit distillation with synthetic data -- to recover accuracy lost from 2-bit quantization of the gate and up layers. In a case study on Qwen3-4B, Recover-LoRA achieves 80--95\% accuracy recovery on 9 of 12 benchmarks, using only 10k synthetic training samples and no labeled data. We further demonstrate that synthetic data performs comparably to curated labeled data for distillation-based recovery, and that recovery generalizes to out-of-distribution evaluation tasks. Our results present Recover-LoRA as a practical post-quantization accuracy recovery tool for aggressive weight compression in deployment settings.
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