arXiv:2606.04364cs.CVcs.LG2026-06

让概念模型的注意力聚焦在正确身体部位,只需极少标注就能大幅提高可解释性。

Spatially Grounded Concept Bottleneck Models via Part-Factorized Attention

论文配图:Spatially Grounded Concept Bottleneck Models via Part-Factorized Attention
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用部位查询+固定映射约束注意力位置,避免概念误指
  • 不到1%的图像标注即可使定位准确率提升至全监督的75%
  • 保持分类精度几乎不变,标注成本极低,适合细粒度识别任务

概念瓶颈模型(CBMs)在分类前预测一组人类可理解的属性,使决策过程可审计。但在细粒度识别任务中,概念头通常可自由关注图像任意区域,导致名为某身体部位的概念头可能被其他区域的证据满足,从而得出错误理由的正确答案。本文提出一种部件因子化概念瓶颈模型(PF-CBM),通过构造限制其注意力自由度。一个冻结的DINOv3视觉变压器提供一组部件查询,每个查询通过固定的“概念-部位”映射与特定解剖区域绑定;而整体属性如大小和形状则由无空间先验的查询处理。引入一个可学习的高斯先验,初始化为关键点平均位置,防止部件查询坍缩到相同区域。该先验虽能分散查询,但无法可靠对准正确解剖位置。关键创新在于轻量级对齐损失,仅需少量监督即显著提升定位性能:在训练图像不足1%的情况下,定位准确率从随机水平跃升至全监督的约75%,且随着标注增加持续微升。在CUB-200-2011数据集上,分类准确率在整个过程中基本不变,无论是否使用关键点标注,均与全监督基线相差不到1个百分点。结果表明,将概念模型的注意力正确锚定到对应部位,在准确性几乎不损失的前提下,仅需极少量标注即可实现,前提是模型具备合适的归纳偏置以高效利用这些监督信号。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) predict a layer of human-named attributes before predicting a class, which makes their decisions auditable. On fine-grained recognition tasks, though, the concept heads are usually free to attend anywhere in the image, so a head named for one body region can be satisfied by evidence on another, and the model reaches the right answer for the wrong reason. We propose a part-factorized CBM (PF-CBM) that removes this freedom by construction. A frozen DINOv3 vision transformer feeds a set of part queries, each tied by name to a specific anatomical region through a fixed concept-to-part map, while whole-object attributes such as size and shape are handled separately by a query with no spatial prior, since they are not anchored to any single body part. A learnable Gaussian prior over patch locations, initialized from average keypoint positions, keeps the part queries from collapsing onto the same evidence. On its own this prior spreads the queries apart but does not reliably land them on the correct anatomy. What closes that gap is a lightweight alignment loss that nudges each part query toward its keypoint, and the central finding of this paper is how little of that supervision is required. Aligning on well under one percent of the training images already moves pointing accuracy from near-chance to roughly three-quarters of what full keypoint supervision achieves, and the gains continue, more slowly, as more annotated images are added. Classification accuracy on CUB-200-2011 barely moves across this entire range and stays within a point of a fully supervised baseline whether the model sees no keypoints at all or every one of them. Grounding a CBM's attention to the right evidence turns out to be nearly free in accuracy and cheap in annotation, provided the model has the right inductive bias to make efficient use of that small amount of supervision.

概念瓶颈细粒度识别注意力控制少样本标注

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