攻击者指令可跨会话持久留存,长期操控智能体行为。
What If Prompt Injection Never Left? Rethinking Agent Security through Cross-Session Stored Prompt Injection
- 将恶意指令存入智能体长期状态,跨会话持续生效
- 首次系统定义跨会话持久提示注入的生命周期与传播机制
- 适合研究智能体安全、大模型系统防护的开发者与安全研究人员
现代智能体系统通过引入持久化系统状态(如记忆、文件系统、工具等)彻底重塑了大语言模型的安全边界。当外部信息跨越此边界进入持久状态后,恶意指令不再局限于单次交互,而是可长期潜伏并影响后续执行。本文提出跨会话持久提示注入(Cross-Session Stored Prompt Injection),受存储型跨站脚本启发,将攻击威胁扩展至时间维度(跨会话持久化)与空间维度(扩散至持久状态)。我们形式化该攻击的生命周期,构建持久性通道与融合机制分类体系,并开发沙箱评估工具。研究发现,智能体安全的核心挑战并非仅过滤不可信输入,而在于管控外部信息在跨越持久边界时获得的权限。本文呼吁从以交互为中心的安全范式转向以状态为中心的安全范式,将持久状态安全管理提升为智能体时代的首要安全原则。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Modern agentic systems fundamentally reshape the security boundary of LLMs by introducing persistent system state including memories, filesystems, tools, and other long-lived contextual artifacts that survives across sessions. As external information crosses this boundary and becomes part of persistent agent state, malicious instructions are no longer confined to a single interaction, but can silently persist and influence future executions long after the original attacker interaction has ended. We introduce Cross-Session Stored Prompt Injection, a new threat vector inspired by stored cross-site scripting that redefines prompt injection for agentic systems by extending its threat model across both time, where attacks persist and activate across sessions, and space, where adversarial instructions propagate beyond the immediate prompt into persistent system state. To systematically characterize this emerging threat, we formalize the lifecycle of cross-session stored prompt injection, develop a taxonomy of persistence channels and incorporation mechanisms, and build a sandbox toolkit for evaluation. Our findings suggest that the fundamental challenge of agent security is not merely filtering untrusted inputs, but governing how external information acquires authority as it crosses persistent system boundaries. We hope this work motivates a broader shift from interaction-centric security toward state-centric security, making the secure management of persistent agent state a first-class security principle for the agentic era.
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