用硬件实验发现:规划中的基础动作负担最能预测机器人实际运行时间。
CADENCE: Predicting Realized MAPF Execution Time Beyond Sum of Costs
- 基于7个差速机器人实测,分析计划中动作负担对执行时间的预测能力
- 基础动作负担比总成本指标降低48.6%-59.8%的预测误差
- 适合关注机器人协同规划落地性能的研究者与工业应用开发者
多智能体路径规划(MAPF)算法在工业仓库和协作工作区中广泛应用,但传统评估指标如总成本(SoC)、完工时间等难以反映真实执行表现。本文通过固定7×7工位上7个差速机器人的真实硬件实验,研究哪些规划阶段可预知的特征能最好预测实际运行时间。对比了总成本、基础动作负担(如转弯次数、连续移动、启停次数、完工时间等)以及交互协调结构(如依赖关系、互动对数、依赖深度、拥挤暴露度)。在15种场景下生成120个路径规划方案,每项执行4次,共480次硬件测试。使用保留场景外岭回归模型与试验级混合效应模型分析发现,仅用总成本预测效果有限;而基础动作负担显著提升预测精度,使外推误差在平均绝对误差(MAE)上降低48.6%-59.8%,均方根误差(RMSE)降低44.2%-61.4%;交互协调特征带来较小且不一致的改进,尤其在混合效应模型中更明显。结果显示,执行时间差异的大部分信息早在规划阶段就已体现。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Multi-Agent Path Finding (MAPF) algorithms are increasingly used to plan motion for robot teams in industrial warehouses and robotic shared workspaces, but standard MAPF algorithm evaluation metrics, such as Sum of Costs (SoC), makespan, and planner runtime, can obscure how planner choices translate into realistic execution performance. We present CADENCE (Coordination and Action-Driven Estimation for Networked Continuous Execution), a hardware study of this evaluation gap on a fixed 7 by 7 workcell with seven differential drive robots, asking which features available before execution can best predict final wall-clock completion time. We compare SoC, total planned travel cost, primitive motion burden (how much basic motion the plan requires, such as makespan, turns, consecutive moves, and start-stop transitions), and interaction aware coordination structure (how much inter-robot coordination the plan induces, such as dependency links, interacting robot pairs, dependency depth, and crowding exposure). To test this, we generate 120 plans across 15 scenarios -- 5 Empty, 5 Medium Random, and 5 Bottleneck and execute each plan four times, yielding a 480 trial hardware corpus. Using both a scenario-held -- out ridge model and a trial-level mixed-effects model, we find that SoC alone is informative but incomplete, while primitive motion burden gives the strongest improvement, reducing held out error by about 48.6%-59.8% in MAE and 44.2%-61.4% in RMSE relative to SoC-only models. Interaction-aware coordination features add smaller, less uniform gains, most clearly in the mixed-effects analysis. Across both models and uncertainty checks, primitive motion burden is the most reliable additional signal beyond SoC, suggesting that much of the execution time gap is already visible in the offline plan before any robot starts moving.
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