用丰富反馈提升强化学习,让模型更聪明地纠错。
Reinforcement Learning from Rich Feedback with Distributional DAgger

- 用分布式DAgger思想融合多种专家反馈,实现全程纠错。
- 在科学推理、编程等任务上,通过率提升10%~25%。
- 适合需要多步纠错的复杂任务,如数学证明与代码生成。
推理模型发展迅速,但主流强化学习从可验证奖励(RLVR)的方法仍很单一:生成多个回答,仅以最终答案正确与否作为单比特奖励。然而许多场景提供丰富反馈,包括执行轨迹、工具输出、专家修正和模型自评。本文通过经典模仿学习算法DAgger的分布变体,使学习者能局部访问当前策略状态下的专家分布。该方法产生一个简单的前向交叉熵目标,允许黑盒专家,并通过传播未来专家-学生差异来实现序列级信用分配。我们发现,基于反向KL或Jensen-Shannon的自蒸馏强化学习无法保证策略单调提升:即使专家表现更好,其更新也可能增加较差动作的概率。相反,前向交叉熵能保证单调改进并具有后悔值保证。进一步证明该目标优化了教师加权的成功似然下界,从而提升Pass@N指标。实验表明,所提方法DistIL在科学推理、编程及高难度数学问题求解等多个领域,均优于传统RLVR与自蒸馏基线。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Reasoning models have advanced rapidly, but the dominant reinforcement learning from verifiable rewards (RLVR) recipe remains surprisingly narrow: sample many responses and reward each with a single bit indicating whether the final answer is correct. Yet many settings provide rich feedback, including execution traces, tool outputs, expert corrections, and model self-evaluations. We study how to use such feedback through a distributional variant of the classic imitation learning algorithm DAgger, where the learner has local access to an expert distribution on states visited by the current policy. This yields a simple forward cross-entropy objective that admits a blackbox expert and whose sequence-level gradient {conduct rich credit assignment by propagating} future expert-student disagreement back to earlier decisions. We show that prior RL with self-distillation objectives based on reverse KL or Jensen-Shannon fail to guarantee monotonic policy improvement: even when the expert has higher reward, their updates may increase probability on worse actions. In contrast, we show that forward cross-entropy admits monotonic policy improvement and enjoys guarantees on regret. We further show that our objective optimizes a lower bound on teacher-weighted likelihood of success, leading to improved Pass@N. Empirically, our approach, DistIL, improves over RLVR and RL with self-distillation baselines across a variety of domains: scientific reasoning, coding, and solving hard mathematical problems.
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