用预测+掩码双目标训练语言模型,让表层词形不再主导语义表示。
Predict and Reconstruct: Joint Objectives for Self-Supervised Language Representation Learning

- 混合使用掩码预测与潜在空间预测,共享一个编码器结构。
- 新模型嵌入更均匀(统一性-0.16),谱几何更丰富,少依赖词形信息。
- 适合关注表示学习内在结构的科研者,尤其在语义建模方面有深层改进。
自BERT以来,掩码语言建模(MLM)一直是文本编码器的主要预训练目标,但其倾向于使表示过度依赖表面词形而非深层语义结构。受视觉与音频领域联合嵌入预测架构(JEPA)成功的启发,我们提出一种混合预训练目标:将JEPA风格的潜在空间预测损失与标准MLM目标结合于单一共享编码器中,并通过可学习标量参数在训练过程中动态平衡二者。我们在英文维基百科上对混合模型与纯MLM基线模型进行同等架构与计算资源(NVIDIA H100)下的预训练。在五个GLUE基准测试(SST-2、MRPC、MNLI、CoLA、STS-B)上,采用四种池化策略进行表示分析发现:混合编码器生成的嵌入更具均匀性(统一性低于-0.16,对比MLM的-0.05),在最大池化下表现出更丰富的谱几何结构,编码更少的表面词汇信息,并实现更好的语义-词形平衡。尽管线性探测的下游准确率相近,几何差异显著且一致,表明JEPA预测目标以标准准确率无法捕捉的方式重塑了潜在空间。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Masked language modelling (MLM) has been the dominant pre-training objective for text encoders since BERT, yet it encourages representations that are strongly anchored to surface-form token identity rather than deeper semantic structure. Inspired by the success of Joint Embedding Predictive Architectures (JEPA) (LeCun, 2022) in vision and audio, we propose a hybrid pre-training objective that combines a JEPA-style latent-space prediction loss with a standard MLM objective over a single shared encoder. A learnable scalar parameter continuously balances the two objectives during training. We pre-train both a hybrid model and a pure-MLM baseline on English Wikipedia using identical architectures and compute budgets (NVIDIA H100). Extensive representation analysis across five GLUE benchmarks (SST-2, MRPC, MNLI, CoLA, STS-B) using four pooling strategies reveals that the hybrid encoder produces significantly more uniform embeddings (uniformity less than -0.16 vs -0.05 for MLM), exhibits richer spectral geometry under max pooling, encodes less surface-level lexical information, and achieves a better semantic-to-lexical balance. Despite similar linear-probe downstream accuracy, the geometric differences are consistent and significant, suggesting that the JEPA predictive objective reshapes the latent space in ways that standard accuracy metrics alone cannot capture.
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