让机器人技能自动进化,确保行为始终符合安全规范。
VASO: Formally Verifiable Self-Evolving Skills for Physical AI Agents

- 用形式化逻辑验证技能契约,确保规划满足时间安全约束。
- 仅用不到100次采样即达97.2%规范符合率,优于传统方法。
- 适合需要高可靠性物理智能体的场景,如无人机与移动机器人。
可复用的机器人技能正成为具身智能体将开放式指令转化为长时程物理行为的基本单元。我们指出,尽管基础模型降低了技能生成成本,但信任成本并未降低。现有技能演化循环通过执行反馈、单元测试、环境奖励或大模型自评来优化技能,但这些信号仅提供有限证据:仅表明技能在部分采样执行中有效,而非在未测试条件下仍满足时间安全契约。我们提出 VASO 框架,实现基于形式化验证的自演化技能生成。在 VASO 中,每个技能以语义契约表示,包含两个耦合接口:用于模型检验的形式接口(对齐状态、观测与控制命令为逻辑命题),以及指导行为生成的规划器接口。模型检查器首先筛选逻辑不一致的契约,再验证由技能诱导的计划是否满足全局与局部时间规范。验证失败时,VASO 将反例轨迹转换为文本梯度,更新可复用技能契约,同时冻结基础模型权重。在 Clearpath Jackal 和 PX4 四旋翼任务中,VASO 仅使用少于 100 次优化采样即实现 97.2% 的形式规范符合率,显著优于执行反馈、提示优化与微调基线。据我们所知,VASO 是首个将形式化验证闭环引入大模型生成技能自演化过程的框架:形式反例成为技能契约的优化反馈,而非仅用于验证单次计划、调整提示或微调模型权重。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Reusable robot skills are becoming the basic units through which embodied agents turn open-ended instructions into long-horizon physical behavior. We argue that, while foundation models have collapsed the cost of creating these skills, the cost of trusting them has not. Existing skill-evolution loops refine skills through execution feedback, unit tests, environment reward, or LLM self-critique, but these signals provide only trace-level evidence: they show that a skill worked on sampled executions, not that skill-induced plans satisfy temporal safety contracts under untested conditions. We introduce VASO, a framework for verification-guided self-evolution of LLM-generated robot skill contracts. In VASO, each skill is represented as a semantic contract with two coupled interfaces: a formal interface that aligns robot states, observations, and control commands with logical propositions for model checking, and a planner-facing interface that guides executable behavior generation. A model checker first filters logically inconsistent skill contracts, then verifies plans induced by the skill against global and local temporal specifications. When verification fails, VASO translates the counterexample trace into a textual gradient that updates the reusable skill contract while keeping foundation-model weights frozen. On Clearpath Jackal and PX4 quadcopter tasks, VASO reaches 97.2% formal-specification compliance using fewer than 100 optimization samples, outperforming execution-feedback, prompt-optimization, and fine-tuning baselines. To our knowledge, VASO is the first framework that closes the loop between formal verification and self-evolving LLM-generated skills for physical AI agents: formal counterexamples become optimization feedback for reusable robot skill contracts, rather than merely verifying one-off plans, tuning planner prompts, or fine-tuning model weights.
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