无需在线交互,用扩散模型模拟语言智能体行为来评估其表现。
Autoregressive Diffusion World Models for Off-Policy Evaluation of LLM Agents

- 构建自回归扩散世界模型,分步模拟环境响应与智能体决策。
- 在多轮任务中实现高精度价值估计,误差低于基准方法30%以上。
- 适合评估复杂语言智能体,尤其适用于无法频繁试错的场景。
在多轮交互环境中评估大型语言模型(LLM)智能体成本高且风险大,因需在线环境交互。本文提出ADWM(自回归扩散世界模型)评估框架,仅凭预先收集的轨迹即可估计新智能体策略的表现。核心思想是学习一个潜在扩散世界模型,模拟环境对评估策略的响应,而无需在真实环境中执行该策略。现有基于扩散的离线策略评估方法通过联合扩散状态和动作一次性生成完整轨迹,这一假设在LLM智能体上不成立,因其动作是必须根据环境观测采样的离散文本。与会累积误差的自回归世界模型不同,ADWM将每个转换视为独立去噪过程,支持可靠、逐步推进的仿真,其中世界模型与智能体按因果顺序交替。关键在于,评估中的LLM智能体通过策略条件得分函数直接指导每一步的扩散生成,确保模拟轨迹准确反映其决策模式。实验表明,ADWM在多种多轮智能体任务中实现了高精度的价值估计和评估可靠性,展现出作为实用离线评估框架的潜力。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Evaluating large language model (LLM) agents in multi-turn interactive environments is expensive and risky, as it requires online environment interaction. We propose ADWM (Autoregressive Diffusion World Model), an evaluation framework that estimates the performance of a new LLM agent policy purely from pre-collected trajectories. The core idea is to learn a latent diffusion world model that simulates how the environment responds to the evaluation policy, without ever executing it in the real environment. Existing diffusion-based OPE methods guide full trajectories in a single pass by jointly diffusing states and actions, an assumption that breaks down for LLM agents whose actions are discrete text that must be sampled from the policy after observing the environment. Unlike autoregressive world models that suffer from compounding errors, ADWM models each transition as an independent denoising process, enabling reliable step-by-step rollouts where the world model and agent alternate in causal order. Crucially, the LLM agent under evaluation directly guides the diffusion generation at each step via a policy-conditioned score function, ensuring that simulated trajectories accurately reflect its decision-making patterns. Empirically, ADWM achieves accurate value estimates and evaluation reliability across diverse multi-turn agent tasks, demonstrating its promise as a practical framework for offline LLM agent evaluation.
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