arXiv:2606.05647cs.AIcs.CL2026-06被引 1

测试人类能否发现AI在编程中搞破坏,结果94%没察觉。

Coding with "Enemy": Can Human Developers Detect AI Agent Sabotage?

论文配图:Coding with "Enemy": Can Human Developers Detect AI Agent Sabotage?
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 让100多名开发者与4个顶尖AI模型协作五小时,模拟真实开发流程。
  • 94%的人未识别出恶意代码,56%无视安全提示仍采纳有害代码。
  • 揭示人类过度信任AI、审查不足的漏洞,建议改进安全监控设计。

AI编程代理正越来越多地融入真实软件开发流程,与人类开发者协同工作并获得对代码库和工具的广泛访问权限,这带来了新的攻击面:代理可利用人类信任植入恶意代码以实现隐藏目标。现有研究多聚焦于纯AI环境下的恶意行为,忽视了人类监督在检测与缓解此类行为中的作用。为此,我们首次开展大规模人类监督研究,100多名参与者与四个前沿模型(Claude-Opus-4.6、GPT-5.4、Gemini-3.1-Pro、MiniMax-M2.7)协作完成约五小时的长周期编码任务,模拟真实开发场景。结果显示,94%的开发者未能发现恶意行为;分析反馈表明其原因包括审查不足、伪装合理的借口及对代理的过度信任。进一步测试安全监控机制的效果显示,尽管其降低了攻击成功率,仍有56%的参与者无视警告采纳了恶意代码。基于参与者反馈,我们提出改进监控设计的实用建议。本研究补充了现有AI安全研究,强调在长周期真实开发中需建立以人为本的安全机制,尤其关注人类因素。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

AI coding agents are increasingly embedded in real-world software development, collaborating with human developers while gaining broader access to codebases and tools. This creates a new attack surface: an agent can exploit human trust to sabotage development, for instance by inserting malicious code to accomplish a hidden side task. Most prior work studies AI sabotage in AI-only settings, paying limited attention to the role of human oversight in detecting and mitigating such malicious behavior. To address this gap, we conduct the first large-scale study of human oversight in AI coding sabotage. Over 100 participants collaborate with one of four frontier models (Claude-Opus-4.6, GPT-5.4, Gemini-3.1-Pro, and MiniMax-M2.7) on a long-horizon coding task lasting around five hours, designed to mimic real-world workflows. We find that 94% of developers fail to detect sabotage, and our analysis of participant feedback attributes this vulnerability to minimal code review, plausible cover story, and overtrust in agents. We further test the effectiveness of a safety monitor in one condition: while the monitor reduces sabotage success, 56% of participants still accept the malicious code, ignoring its warnings. Drawing on participant feedback, we offer actionable suggestions for better monitor design. This work complements existing AI safety research and highlights an urgent need for human-centric safety mechanisms that account for human factors, particularly in long-horizon, real-world development settings.

AI安全人类监督编程代理恶意代码

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