arXiv:2606.06673cs.LG2026-06中稿 · the 2026 IEEE Conf…

用大模型生成带不确定性的动作建议,提升稀疏奖励下的强化学习效率。

Uncertainty-Aware LLM-Guided Policy Shaping for Sparse-Reward Reinforcement Learning

论文配图:Uncertainty-Aware LLM-Guided Policy Shaping for Sparse-Reward Reinforcement Learning
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 融合大模型与不确定性估计,动态提供动作指导。
  • 在MiniGrid任务中成功率达9%以上提升,样本效率显著优化。
  • 适合需要高效探索的复杂多任务强化学习场景。

稀疏奖励和异构任务序列仍是强化学习中的持续挑战,常导致收敛慢、泛化差和探索效率低。本文提出不确定性感知的大语言模型引导策略塑造框架(ULPS),将校准后的大型语言模型融入强化学习训练循环,提供结构化且受不确定性调节的行为引导。ULPS采用基于A*的虚拟最优符号轨迹,用于微调基于BERT的语言模型;训练中该模型生成的动作建议影响由蒙特卡洛丢弃法估算的先验不确定性决定。通过基于熵的混合机制,自适应平衡大模型引导与学习策略(使用近端策略优化,PPO),使智能体在依赖可靠先验的同时保持适应性。我们在MiniGridUnlockPickup基准上评估了ULPS,结果表明其在成功率、奖励效率和样本复杂度方面均优于无引导、未校准及标准强化学习基线。微调后执行准确率提升超过9%,环境交互次数更少,奖励累积曲线下面积更高。结果表明,结合符号化A*轨迹、预训练语言先验与不确定性感知控制,为稀疏奖励环境下多任务强化学习提供了系统性有效方案,且可扩展至部分可观测及多智能体场景。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Sparse rewards and heterogeneous task sequences remain persistent challenges in Reinforcement Learning (RL), often resulting in slow convergence, weak generalization, and inefficient exploration. We propose Uncertainty-Aware LLM-Guided Policy Shaping (ULPS), a novel framework that integrates a calibrated Large Language Model (LLM) into the RL training loop to provide structured, uncertainty-modulated behavioral guidance. ULPS employs an A*-based oracle to synthesize optimal symbolic trajectories, which are used to fine-tune a BERT-based language model. During training, this model supplies action suggestions whose influence is conditioned on epistemic uncertainty estimated via Monte Carlo (MC) dropout. An entropy-based blending mechanism adaptively balances LLM guidance and the learned policy (via Proximal Policy Optimization, PPO), allowing the agent to prioritize reliable priors while preserving adaptability. We evaluate ULPS on the MiniGridUnlockPickup benchmark and observe consistent improvements in success rate, reward efficiency, and sample complexity over unguided, uncalibrated, and standard RL baselines. ULPS achieves more than 9% improvement in execution accuracy after fine-tuning, requires fewer environment interactions, and yields higher reward AUC. Our results demonstrate that integrating symbolic A* trajectories, pretrained language priors, and uncertainty-aware control offers a principled and effective approach to multi-task reinforcement learning in sparse-reward domains, with potential extensibility to partially observable and multi-agent settings.

强化学习大模型稀疏奖励不确定性

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