arXiv:2606.07520cs.CLcs.LG2026-06ACL

用小模型集群高效评估难以验证的指令,提升大模型对齐效果。

TinyJudge: Unverifiable Constraint Alignment via Lightweight Specialist Ensembles

论文配图:TinyJudge: Unverifiable Constraint Alignment via Lightweight Specialist Ensembles
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用0.6B的小模型集成模拟人类判断,替代大模型评分
  • 在5个基准上平均性能提升10%,奖励精度提高12%
  • 训练速度加快3倍,适合资源受限场景

指令遵循是大语言模型的核心能力,需严格遵守从可验证(如输出长度)到不可验证(如语气)的各类约束。当前基于可验证奖励的强化学习方法虽能借助大模型作为裁判评估不可验证约束,但存在严重奖励滥用和计算开销大的问题。本文通过分析不可验证约束的泛化特性,发现不同约束具有显著且高泛化的模式。受此启发,提出TinyJudge框架,采用一组微型语言模型(约0.6B参数)构成专家集成,通过从前沿模型中蒸馏专业知识,实现高精度、轻量级的软约束评估。在五个基准上的实证表明,该方法平均性能较基线提升约10%,奖励精度提升12%,且总训练时间提速3倍。本工作为大模型与不可验证人类指令的对齐提供了可扩展、鲁棒的新路径。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Instruction Following (IF) is a core capability of LLMs, requiring strict adherence to diverse constraints, ranging from verifiable ones (e.g., output length) to unverifiable ones (e.g., tone). Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards has emerged as a paradigm for IF tasks, leveraging LLM-as-a-judge to assess unverifiable constraints. However, we empirically find that this approach remains a significant bottleneck, suffering from severe reward hacking and higher computational overhead. In this work, we first analyze the generalization capabilities of unverifiable constraints and discover that specific constraints exhibit distinct, high-generalization patterns. Motivated by this, we propose TinyJudge, a framework that employs an ensemble of specialized tiny language models ($\sim0.6B$) to provide rewards for soft constraints. By distilling expertise from frontier models into these tiny models, it achieves high-precision, lightweight evaluation. Extensive evaluations across five benchmarks demonstrate that TinyJudge outperforms the baselines by $\sim10\%$ in average performance and $12\%$ in reward precision. Crucially, it also achieves a $3\times$ speedup in total training time. Our work provides a scalable and robust path for aligning LLMs with unverifiable human instructions.

指令遵循模型蒸馏轻量化评估

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