arXiv:2606.07988cs.AI2026-06

解决个性化模型对少数用户偏好偏见的问题,让所有用户都更公平地被对待。

PAFO: Pareto Fairness Optimization for Personalized Reward Modeling

论文配图:PAFO: Pareto Fairness Optimization for Personalized Reward Modeling
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 通过分组训练与条件边界蒸馏,融合不同用户群体偏好。
  • 在两个数据集上同时提升多数与少数群体的准确率。
  • 无需推理时标注群体身份,适合实际部署的公平个性化系统。

大型语言模型越来越依赖奖励模型来对齐多样化的用户偏好。尽管个性化奖励模型旨在捕捉这种异质性,但其通常在不平衡的用户偏好数据上训练,因而可能偏向于训练集中更常见的偏好用户。本文将此失败模式识别为个性化奖励偏差,即奖励建模质量随偏好支持率系统性变化。我们将其建模为一组群组效用上的帕累托公平优化问题,目标是在不损害其他用户群体的前提下提升被忽视用户群体的表现。为此,我们提出PAFO框架:首先为多数和少数偏好群体分别训练专用奖励模型,然后构建条件边际级监督,将它们的异构偏好边界蒸馏进一个统一模型中。该模型仅在训练阶段使用群体信息,推理时无需显式群体标签。在Personal-LLM和DSP数据集上的实验表明,PAFO在多个指标下同时提升了少数群体和多数群体的准确性,并显著降低了用户层面的不公平性,验证了其在实现更公平的LLM个性化方面的有效性。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly rely on reward models to align their outputs with diverse user preferences. While personalized reward models aim to capture such heterogeneity, they are often trained on imbalanced user preference data and may therefore favor users whose preferences are more common in the training population. In this paper, we identify this failure mode as personalized reward bias, where reward modeling quality varies systematically with preference support rate. We formulate its mitigation as a Pareto fairness problem over group utilities, aiming to improve under-served users without degrading other user groups. To this end, we propose PAFO, a Pareto fairness optimization framework for personalized reward modeling. PAFO first trains group-specialized reward models for majority and minority preference groups, then constructs conditional margin-level supervision to distill their heterogeneous preference boundaries into a single unified model. The resulting model uses group information only during training and requires no explicit group labels at inference time. Experiments on Personal-LLM and DSP show that PAFO improves both minority-group and majority-group accuracy while reducing user-level unfairness across multiple metrics, demonstrating its effectiveness for fairer LLM personalization.

个性化公平性奖励模型大模型

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