测试大模型在开放任务中长期协作能力,发现单任务强不等于会协作。
Benchmarking Open-Ended Multi-Agent Coordination in Language Agents

- 构建基于JAX的开放世界多智能体基准,支持生成式任务与可控难度。
- 当前大模型零样本协作平均得分仅6%,远低于训练过的强化学习模型。
- 通信是协作关键,记忆和推理有助于维持多步计划,适合研究协作机制者。
随着语言模型被用于自主智能体,它们需在开放互动任务中长期与他人协作。然而现有评估很少同时考察这些要求,多聚焦于单智能体、短时交互或高度结构化的多智能体场景。我们提出alem,一个基于JAX的开源多智能体协作基准,建立在类似Craftax的动态环境之上。alem嵌入了程序化生成的任务、软角色分化、通信机制以及可调节的协作难度,构建了一个包含探索、制作、交易和战斗的长周期生存世界。我们在同质团队中对13个现代LLM进行零样本评估,并以训练好的MARL智能体为参考。当前LLM智能体仍远未解决alem任务,平均归一化回报仅约6%;但失败模式并非均匀分布。在最困难的协作设置下,零样本Gemini-3.1-Pro-High接近经过十亿步训练的MARL智能体表现,而GPT-5.4-High虽在基础任务上得分高,协作奖励却显著偏低。这一对比表明,个体任务能力并不等同于协作能力。消融实验显示,通信是协作提升的最大贡献因素,而记忆与推理在维护多步计划时有效。总体而言,我们的结果将协作识别为前沿大模型的独立瓶颈,与单智能体能力无关。alem使该瓶颈可测量,并提供可控测试平台,用于发展具备沟通、分工与共同规划能力的智能体。代码见https://github.com/alem-world/alem-env。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
As language models are increasingly deployed as autonomous agents, they must coordinate with others over long horizons in open-ended interactive tasks. Yet existing evaluations rarely test these demands together, instead emphasising single-agent tasks, short interactions, or highly structured multi-agent settings. We introduce $alem$, a JAX-based benchmark for open-ended multi-agent coordination built on Craftax-like dynamics. Alem embeds procedurally generated coordination tasks, soft specialisation, communication, and controllable coordination difficulty into a long-horizon survival world with exploration, crafting, trading, and combat. We evaluate $13$ modern LLMs zero-shot within homogeneous teams, with trained MARL agents as reference points. Current LLM agents remain far from solving alem, averaging only ~6% normalised return, but their failures are not uniform. On the hardest coordination setting, zero-shot Gemini-3.1-Pro-High approaches MARL agents trained for one billion steps, while GPT-5.4-High achieves strong base-task reward but much lower coordination reward. This contrast shows that individual task competence does not imply coordination competence. Ablations show that communication is the largest contributor to coordination, while memory and reasoning help when used to maintain multi-step plans. Overall, our results identify coordination as a distinct bottleneck for frontier LLM agents, separate from single-agent capabilities. Alem makes this bottleneck measurable and provides a controlled testbed for developing agents that communicate, allocate roles, and execute shared plans. Code is available at https://github.com/alem-world/alem-env.
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