arXiv:2606.08815cs.AIcs.CL2026-06

用模型自身概率生成内在奖励,解决推理强化学习中的失效问题

Momentum for Reasoning: Dense Intrinsic Signals in Policy Optimization

论文配图:Momentum for Reasoning: Dense Intrinsic Signals in Policy Optimization
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用策略自身的条件概率计算密集内在信号,替代二值奖励
  • 在5个数学推理基准上超越基线,最难任务提升显著
  • 可缓解推理中过自信错误和梯度消失问题,适合长链推理研究

基于可验证奖励的强化学习(RLVR)已成为激发大语言模型长链推理能力的强大范式。然而,现有基于组相对策略优化(GRPO)的方法依赖二值结果奖励,导致两种结构性失败:零优势坍缩(所有回放结果相同,梯度消失)与幻觉确定性(模型后期对错误推理越来越自信)。本文通过完全从策略自身条件概率计算的密集内在信号,解决了这两种问题,提出ISPO(内在信号策略优化):结合序列级信号(衡量思考轨迹对最终答案的信息量),以及词元级方向性奖励(在关键决策点惩罚高自信错误预测)。在三个基础模型和五个数学推理基准上,ISPO始终优于竞争性基线,尤其在零优势坍缩最频繁的难题上提升最大;训练动态诊断证实两种失败模式均被有效抑制。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for eliciting long-chain reasoning in large language models. However, existing methods based on Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) rely on a binary outcome reward, which induces two structural failure modes: Zero-Advantage Collapse, in which all rollouts in a group share the same outcome and the gradient vanishes, and Hallucinated Certainty, in which the model becomes increasingly confident on incorrect rollouts late in training. We address both modes by densifying the reward with intrinsic signals computed entirely from the policy's own conditional probabilities, and propose ISPO (Intrinsic Signal Policy Optimization, which combines a sequence-level signal measuring how informative the thinking trajectory is for the final answer, with a token-level directional reward whose hallucinated-certainty hinge penalizes confidently-wrong predictions at critical decision tokens. Across three base models and five mathematical reasoning benchmarks, ISPO consistently outperforms competitive baselines, with the largest gains on the hardest benchmarks where zero-advantage collapse is most frequent, and training-dynamics diagnostics confirm that both failure modes are decreased.

强化学习推理生成语言模型策略优化

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