arXiv:2606.09076cs.CV2026-06被引 1

用分数分布替代单一奖励,让图像生成更贴近人类偏好。

Z-Reward: Beyond Scalar Rewards by Internalizing Reasoning into Score Distributions

论文配图:Z-Reward: Beyond Scalar Rewards by Internalizing Reasoning into Score Distributions
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用大模型推理生成评分分布,再蒸馏成轻量模型部署。
  • 270亿参数教师模型达89.6%人类偏好准确率,90亿学生模型接近其性能。
  • 支持端到端优化,比基础微调提升41.3%人类偏好匹配度。

奖励模型在文本到图像后训练中至关重要,但视觉偏好具有主观性,更适合用评分分布而非确定性标量表示。现有标量、分词和成对奖励模型过度压缩不确定性与细微得分差异,而基于推理的生成式奖励虽判断力强,但部署成本高且难作直接优化信号。我们提出 Z-Reward,一种师生架构的奖励建模框架,将复杂的推理判断与高效奖励部署解耦。教师为大型视觉语言模型(VLM),通过推理推断符合评分标准的分数分布,采用组内直接评分优化(GDSO)训练:结合分布期望的策略梯度奖励,以及对分数分布和得分差的点对点与成对监督。学生模型通过推理内化评分蒸馏(RISD)训练,将教师的推理条件化分数分布转化为紧凑型VLM,推理时无需显式推理链。在自注评估集上,270亿参数的GDSO教师达到89.6%人类偏好准确率,优于SFT、RewardDance和GRPO;90亿参数的RISD学生达88.6%,超越OPD基线并接近教师表现。进一步验证表明,Z-Reward可作为可微奖励信号用于文本到图像优化,相比SFT基线实现41.3%的净人类偏好提升。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Reward models are central to text-to-image post-training, but visual preference is subjective and better represented as a distribution over rubric scores than as a deterministic scalar. Existing scalar, score-token, and pairwise reward models over-compress uncertainty and fine-grained score differences, while reasoning-based generative rewards provide stronger judgments but are costly to deploy and difficult to use as direct optimization signals. We propose Z-Reward, a teacher-student reward modeling framework that decouples reasoning-heavy judgment from efficient reward deployment. The teacher is a large VLM that uses reasoning to infer rubric-aligned score distributions, and is trained with Group-wise Direct Score Optimization (GDSO), which combines policy-gradient rewards from distribution expectations with direct pointwise and pairwise supervision on score distributions and score gaps. The student is trained with Reasoning-Internalized Score Distillation (RISD), which transfers the teacher's reasoning-conditioned score distribution into a compact VLM without requiring explicit reasoning chains at inference time. On our internally annotated evaluation set, the 27B GDSO teacher reaches 89.6% human preference accuracy, outperforming SFT, RewardDance, and GRPO, while the 9B RISD student reaches 88.6%, outperforming the OPD baseline and closely matching the larger teacher. We further show that Z-Reward can serve as a differentiable reward signal for text-to-image optimization, yielding a 41.3% net human-preference improvement over the SFT baseline.

图像生成奖励建模分布式评分知识蒸馏

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