仅用源系统数据,实现跨操作系统的高级威胁检测。
A Source Domain is All You Need: Source-Only Cross-OS Transfer Learning for APT Anomaly Detection via Semantic Alignment and Optimal Transport

- 将进程行为转为语言描述,用预训练模型嵌入并构建正常参考。
- 结合语义、结构和几何偏差,通过最优传输计算异常得分。
- 无需目标域标签,适合真实环境中跨平台威胁检测。
高级持续性威胁(APTs)是隐蔽的多阶段攻击,因标注数据稀缺、类别严重不平衡及难以生成真实恶意行为而难于检测。跨操作系统(cross-OS)场景下,训练于某一源平台的检测器需部署于无标签的目标平台。本文基于系统级溯源日志,提出一种零目标监督的传输框架,通过语义对齐与最优传输(OT)实现目标进程异常排名。该框架将过程行为抽象为结构化自然语言描述,利用预训练语言模型进行嵌入,构建源正常参考基准。融合三种证据通道:语义偏离源正常原型、图自编码捕捉结构偏离、几何偏离通过最优传输量化。核心贡献为基于OT的重心异常得分,将目标嵌入投影至源正常流形并度量残差传输不匹配。进一步引入熵加权、角度感知和密度感知的OT变体,以捕获不确定性、方向漂移和稀疏支持行为。在涵盖Linux、Windows、BSD和Android的DARPA透明计算数据集上,针对两种APT场景和十二组跨平台转移任务评估,结果表明该框架在ROC-AUC与nDCG上均优于源仅有异常检测基线,证明仅依赖源系统溯源建模,结合语义抽象与OT异常评分,即可实现无需目标域监督的实用跨平台APT检测。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Advanced Persistent Threats (APTs) are stealthy, multi-stage cyberattacks whose detection is difficult due to scarce labeled traces, severe class imbalance, and the challenge of generating realistic malicious behavior. These challenges are amplified in cross-operating-system (cross-OS) settings, where a detector trained on one source platform must be deployed on an unlabeled target platform without access to target-domain labels. We study this source-only cross-OS APT detection problem using system-level provenance traces and propose a transport-based framework for ranking anomalous target processes under zero target supervision. The framework abstracts process behavior into structured natural-language descriptions, embeds them using pretrained language models, and constructs a source-normal reference for target scoring. It combines three evidence channels: semantic deviation from source-normal prototypes, structural deviation captured by graph autoencoding, and geometric deviation measured through Optimal Transport (OT). The main contribution is an OT-based barycentric anomaly score that projects target embeddings onto the source-normal manifold and quantifies residual transport mismatch. We further introduce entropy-weighted, angle-aware, and density-aware OT variants to capture uncertainty, directional drift, and sparse-support behavior. Evaluation on DARPA Transparent Computing data spanning Linux, Windows, BSD, and Android, across two APT scenarios and twelve cross-OS transfer pairs, shows that the proposed framework improves ROC-AUC and nDCG over source-only anomaly-detection baselines. The results demonstrate that source-only provenance modeling, combined with semantic abstraction and OT-based anomaly scoring, can support practical cross-platform APT detection without target-domain supervision.
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