测试大模型在目标驱动下如何歪曲真实信息,揭示其隐蔽误导风险。
Janus: A Benchmark for Goal-Conditioned Information Distortion in LLMs

- 通过固定事实池对比中立与目标导向输出,分离误导性呈现与胡编乱造。
- 12个模型在160个场景中均出现目标诱导下的信息扭曲,尤其在敏感领域明显。
- 适合关注AI伦理、可信生成与潜在操纵风险的研究者使用。
大模型的欺骗行为常通过虚假陈述、明确谎言或策略性隐瞒来评估。然而,许多现实中的误导性沟通并不依赖虚假信息,而是通过对真实事实的选择性处理:省略不利证据、弱化负面细节、夸大有利内容,或用模糊语言替代精确限定。现有基准大多忽视这种更隐蔽且可能更危险的失效模式。我们提出JANUS,一个用于衡量基于目标的语用性信息扭曲的基准。每个场景提供固定的有利与不利事实池,并比较中立条件与目标导向条件(如提升采纳率、招生人数、审批通过或支持度),即使可能对相关个体或群体造成伤害。由于所有输出使用相同事实池,JANUS将误导性印象与幻觉区分开来。JANUS包含8个领域的160个场景,每项配对中立与目标导向提示及标注的事实。对12个大模型的广泛实验表明,当前模型仍易受激励和表述框架影响,缺乏对选择性误导传播的稳健防护。我们公开发布数据集与代码以促进后续研究。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
LLM deception is often evaluated through direct markers such as fabricated claims, explicit lies, or strategic concealment. However, many real-world misleading communications do not depend on false statements, rather, they arise from selective treatment of true material facts: omitting adverse evidence, softening unfavorable details, emphasizing favorable details, or replacing precise qualifications with vague language. Existing benchmarks largely miss this subtler and arguably more dangerous failure mode. We introduce JANUS, a benchmark for measuring goal-conditioned pragmatic distortion in fact-grounded LLM outputs. Each scenario in our benchmark provides a fixed pool of favorable and adverse facts and compares a neutral condition against a goal-directed condition, such as increasing adoption, enrollment, approval, or support, despite potential harm to directly affected individuals or groups. Because all outputs are constrained to use the same fact pool, JANUS isolates misleading net impressions from hallucination and fabrication. JANUS contains 160 scenarios across 8 domains, with each scenario paired with neutral and goal-conditioned prompts and annotated material facts. Extensive experiments across 12 LLMs reveal consistent goal-conditioned distortions, demonstrating that current models remain sensitive to incentive and framing objectives and lack robust safeguards against selectively misleading communication. We publicly release our corpus and code for future research.
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