用校准的评分方法,让AI裁判的模型评估更准更可信。
From Uncertain Judgments to Calibrated Rankings: Conformal Elo Estimation for LLM Evaluation
- 用软标签替代硬分,通过伯特利-布拉德利模型计算每场对决的置信度。
- 在LMArena上平均误差仅17.9 Elo,接近人类标注结果。
- 提供无分布假设的置信区间,适合关注评估可靠性的开发者。
评估新大型语言模型通常需大规模人工标注,成本高昂。使用大模型作为裁判虽成本较低,但其评分存在位置偏差、自偏好或非传递性等系统性误差,易导致排名失准。本文从局部与全局两个层面量化裁判与人类的差异:局部层面,基于裁判自身评分差异,通过传播校准胜率而非硬标签到伯特利-布拉德利过程,估算每场对决的不确定性;此法使大模型生成的评分在LMArena上55个保留模型上的平均绝对误差(MAE)降至17.9 Elo,接近人类水平。全局层面,对大模型与人类评分间的残差差值应用分割置信预测,生成具有分布无关边际覆盖保证的预测区间,涵盖不可消除的模型-人类差异。两者结合,构建出无需大规模人工标注即可提供校准评级与真实不确定性的低成本评估工具。代码已开源:https://github.com/kargibora/SoftElo。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Evaluating new large language models typically requires costly human annotation campaigns at scale. LLM-as-a-judge offers a cheaper alternative, but judge scores carry systematic errors - such as position bias, self-preference, or intransitivity - that can strongly miscalibrate the resulting rankings. We quantify the resulting judge-human disagreement at two complementary levels. At the local level, we estimate per-battle uncertainty from the judge's own score differences by propagating calibrated win probabilities rather than hard labels into the Bradley-Terry procedure. This alone provides a drastic improvement to Elo estimation accuracy, bringing LLM-derived ratings within 17.9 Elo MAE of human-derived ones when averaged over 55 held-out models on LMArena. At the global level, we apply split conformal prediction to the residual gap between LLM-derived and human-derived Elo ratings across held-out models, producing prediction intervals with distribution-free marginal coverage guarantees that account for irreducible LLM-human disagreement. Together, these two layers yield a low-cost evaluation tool that provides developers with calibrated Elo estimates and honest uncertainty bounds, without access to large-scale human annotations. To facilitate reproducibility, we release our code at https://github.com/kargibora/SoftElo .
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