用预测交互动力学提升外骨骼膝关节康复精度,误差降至1.17毫弧度。
Interaction Dynamics MPC for Knee Rehabilitation Exoskeletons: A Closed-Loop SEA Outer-Loop Study

- 基于弹簧测力的扰动观测,结合模型预测控制实时补偿干扰
- 在500Hz下稳态误差仅0.70毫弧度,比传统方法降低99%以上
- 适合需高精度运动控制的康复外骨骼系统研究与开发
安全康复是一个交互动力学问题:控制器需在调节预定运动的同时,吸收不自主痉挛、自主努力、执行器柔性和模型失配等干扰。本文将基础物理人机交互(pHRI)框架中的预测交互动力学方法应用于基于串联弹性执行器(SEA)的膝关节。通过前馈控制将重力补偿后的膝关节简化为标量双积分器,利用弹簧变形的动态残差测量实现对交互干扰的观测。设定稳态目标后,估计出的干扰被转化为抵消输入,有限时域二次规划在运动范围、扭矩和速度约束下调节偏差。评估中保持各控制器刚度与阻尼一致,避免增益差异影响结果。在施加15牛·米反向阶跃力矩时,经典阻抗控制与无估计的MPC产生约500毫弧度的稳态误差,而卡尔曼滤波增强的交互型MPC在100赫兹下将误差降至1.17毫弧度,500赫兹下为0.70毫弧度;500赫兹峰值为7.27毫弧度。30次随机试验中,第95百分位峰值为21.57毫弧度。实现了有界辅助按需调度、校正通道能量池、受限OSQP压力测试、直接MuJoCo执行及姿态夹持的MyoSuite膝关节切片。该框架在单质量闭合内环SEA近似下成立;显式两质量系统结合有限带宽极点配置内扭矩环验证了其在标称跟踪下的有效性,但在接近饱和时输出扭矩可超出指令上限21.7%。研究范围不包括临床意图识别、全系统无源性、安全认证、硬件实验及多关节验证。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Safe rehabilitation is an interaction-dynamics problem: the controller must regulate a prescribed motion while absorbing involuntary spasm, voluntary effort, actuator compliance, and model mismatch as disturbances. This paper instantiates the predictive interaction-dynamics framework of the base pHRI formulation on a SEA knee joint. SEA feedforward reduces the gravity-compensated knee to the same scalar double integrator as the base framework, while a dynamic-residual measurement from spring deflection supplies an interaction-disturbance observation. A steady-state target converts the estimated disturbance into a cancelling input, and a finite-horizon quadratic program regulates deviations from that target under range-of-motion, torque, and velocity constraints. The evaluation matches stiffness and damping across controllers so gains cannot be attributed to higher impedance. Under a motion-opposing $15\unit{Nm}$ step, classical impedance and MPC without estimation produce about $500\unit{mrad}$ steady-state error, whereas Kalman-augmented interaction MPC reduces this to $1.17\unit{mrad}$ at 100~Hz and $0.70\unit{mrad}$ at 500~Hz; the 500~Hz peak is $7.27\unit{mrad}$. In 30 randomized trials, the 95th-percentile peak is $21.57\unit{mrad}$. Bounded Assist-as-Needed scheduling, a corrective-channel energy tank, constrained OSQP stress cases, direct MuJoCo execution, and a posture-clamped MyoSuite knee slice are implemented. The framework holds on a single-mass, closed-inner-loop SEA approximation; an explicit two-mass plant with a finite-bandwidth, pole-placed inner torque loop (Section~VIII) confirms this for nominal tracking but shows delivered torque can overshoot the commanded bound by 21.7\% near saturation. Scope excludes clinical intent recognition, full-system passivity, safety certification, hardware trials, and multi-joint validation.
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