arXiv:2606.14278cs.CL2026-06

测试大模型判官是否偏爱英文,发现中文和中英混用会引发评分偏差。

Does the Judge Prefer English? Evaluating Language-Switching Invariance in LLM-as-a-Judge

论文配图:Does the Judge Prefer English? Evaluating Language-Switching Invariance in LLM-as-a-Judge
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 设计语言切换实验,对比同内容不同语言的评分一致性。
  • 14.4%评分结果因语言变化而反转,英文评分最准确。
  • 无需训练,仅靠API调用即可检测模型语言偏好,适合快速评估。

大型语言模型(LLM)现广泛用作开放性指令遵循任务的自动评判工具,兼具便捷性与语义感知优势,但引入了新可靠性问题:评判质量还是受呈现语言影响?本文提出Judge-LS,一种轻量级元评估协议,将LLMBar中的回答对转换为英文、中文及中英混用版本。可靠判官应在语言变换下保持偏好一致,且对等翻译内容不应有语言偏好。在419项全量LLMBar基准上评估4个API可访问判官,生成13,408次有效两两评判。结果显示,中文及语言切换版本相较英文引发10.7%至14.4%的偏好反转,所有判官在英文中表现最佳。但等价翻译的平局探测未显示系统性英文偏好:多数被判定为平局,非平局决策更倾向中文。研究补充置信区间、配对显著性检验,并通过敏感性分析排除机械标记的高风险变体,实验无需训练,仅需API调用,可在普通本地设备运行。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language models (LLMs) are now widely used as automatic judges for open-ended instruction-following evaluation. This practice is convenient, scalable, and often more semantically aware than reference-based metrics, but it also introduces a new reliability question: does a judge evaluate the quality of an answer, or does it also react to the language in which the comparison is presented? We propose Judge-LS, a lightweight meta-evaluation protocol that transforms LLMBar response-pair items into English, Chinese, and Chinese-English language-switched variants. A reliable judge should preserve its preference under label-preserving language transformations and should not prefer a language when two answers are translation-equivalent. We evaluate four API-accessible judges on the full 419-item LLMBar benchmark, producing 13,408 successful pairwise judgments. Across models, Chinese and language-switched presentations induce 10.7--14.4% preference flips relative to English, and all judges achieve their highest accuracy in English. However, translation-equivalent tie probes do not reveal a systematic English preference: most probes are judged as ties, and non-tie decisions more often favor Chinese. We add confidence intervals, paired significance tests, and an automatic transformation audit with a sensitivity analysis that excludes mechanically flagged high-risk variants. The experiment requires no model training, uses only API calls, and is feasible on modest local hardware.

大模型评测语言偏见判官模型多语言

Thank you to arXiv for use of its open access interoperability. PaperDance 不是 arXiv 官方产品;中文卡片由大模型生成,请以原文为准。