arXiv:2606.14629cs.CRcs.AI2026-06

好验证器也可能让模型退化,任务不匹配时会越调越差。

When Good Verifiers Go Bad: Self-Improving VLMs Can Regress on New Tasks

论文配图:When Good Verifiers Go Bad: Self-Improving VLMs Can Regress on New Tasks
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用验证器评分生成偏好对,通过DPO自我优化模型
  • 同一验证器在不同任务上表现差异大,导致模型性能下降3.4至10.9个百分点
  • 验证器越自信出错越严重,适合需精准评估的任务团队参考

验证器驱动的自强化视觉语言模型(VLM)在生产中广泛使用。该方法利用固定验证器对生成结果打分,选取高分与低分样本构成偏好对,通过数据并行优化(DPO)更新学习者。部署假设是:更强的验证器应带来更强的学生模型。然而我们发现,该假设在任务不匹配时会失效。在数学、多模态和图像理解三个数据集上构建的开源验证器阶梯中,原本在MathVista上表现优异的验证器,在MMMU任务上任务评分准确率骤降至8%至23%,此时所有测试验证器均导致学生模型性能退化,相较冻结基线下降3.4至10.9个百分点,而训练损失仍在持续下降。这一现象在另一模型Qwen-2.5-VL-3B上也复现。更值得注意的是,在失败状态下,错误越自信的验证器造成的损害越大,表明进度门控重播会放大高置信度的错误偏好对。我们通过方差定理给出了机制解释,并提出操作建议:部署前必须测量验证器在目标任务上的评分准确率,按任务表现而非参数量排序验证器,将高于阈值时的收益递减视为验证器计算预算上限。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Verifier-driven self-DPO is a common recipe for self-improving production visual-language models. In this setup, a frozen verifier scores candidate generations, the top- and bottom-scoring candidates form a preference example, and DPO updates the learner. The deployment-time assumption is monotone: a stronger verifier should yield a stronger student. We show that this assumption can fail because verifier quality is highly task-specific. On a four-rung open-source verifier ladder across MathVista, MMMU, and BLINK, the same verifiers that are above-threshold and improve a Qwen-3-VL-2B student on MathVista become sub-threshold on MMMU, where their task-rubric accuracy drops to 8% to 23%. In this regime, every verifier we tested silently regresses the student, producing drops of 3.4 to 10.9 percentage points below the frozen baseline while the DPO training loss continues to decrease. The regression replicates on a second student, Qwen-2.5-VL-3B. Moreover, within the failure regime, damage is confidence-inverted: the more accurate-but-still-wrong verifier causes larger regression than a near-random verifier, suggesting that progress-gated replay amplifies confidently wrong preference pairs. We give a compact mechanistic explanation via a variance theorem for progress-gated replay and its direction-mismatch failure mode. The deployment message is operational rather than purely diagnostic: before running any verifier-driven loop, teams should measure target-task rubric accuracy, rank verifiers by target-task rubric quality rather than parameter count, and treat diminishing returns in above-threshold regimes as a verifier-side compute budget cap.

视觉语言模型自提升验证器退化DPO

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