arXiv:2606.14783cs.CVcs.CR2026-06

移除视觉编码器让模型暴露图像细节,可被逆向恢复文字信息。

The Vision Encoder as a Privacy Boundary: Visual-Token Side Channels in Encoder-Free Vision-Language Models

论文配图:The Vision Encoder as a Privacy Boundary: Visual-Token Side Channels in Encoder-Free Vision-Language Models
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 直接输入图像块到语言模型,绕过编码器隐私屏障。
  • 攻击者能从Gem、Fuyu模型中还原出可读的文本和图像结构。
  • 适合关注模型隐私安全的研究者与部署人员参考。

视觉编码器将图像像素压缩为语义嵌入,隐式充当隐私边界,保留语义而削弱像素级细节以防止精确文本恢复。无编码器视觉语言模型(VLM)通过将图像块直接送入语言模型的词元流,消除了这一边界,从而暴露出架构层面的隐私攻击面:中间视觉词元成为预输出侧信道。在词元访问攻击者下,解码器成功逆向还原了Gemma4和Fuyu两个无编码器VLM中的视觉词元流,恢复出可识别的图像结构及隐藏的访问代码;而对应的有编码器对照组仅能定位目标区域,无法恢复具体字符串。模型内消融实验表明,空间采样保真度(尤其是字符方向采样密度)是关键因素,而非词元数量或值大小。该泄露不仅限于导出词元:Gemma4第0层键值缓存张量也可直接逆向,意味着侧信道存在于生产部署中为解码效率持久化的键值缓存中。该攻击在杂乱、真实文档退化及零样本迁移至公开文档图像时仍有效,并能抵抗加性噪声和量化等值级别防御。因此,有效的缓解必须降低空间采样精度,移除视觉编码器应被视为VLM部署中的首要隐私决策。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

A vision encoder compresses image pixels into semantic embeddings, implicitly acting as a privacy boundary by preserving semantic content while attenuating pixel-local detail required for exact text recovery. Encoder-free vision-language models (VLMs) remove this boundary by routing image patches directly into the language-model token stream, thereby exposing an architectural privacy attack surface: intermediate visual tokens become a pre-output side channel. Under a token-access adversary, decoders invert visual-token streams from two encoder-free VLMs, Gemma4 and Fuyu, recovering recognizable image structure and readable held-out access codes, whereas matched encoder-based controls localize target regions but recover no exact strings. Within-model ablations show that the operative factor is spatial sampling fidelity of the visual-token grid, especially character-direction sampling density, rather than token or value count. The leakage is not limited to exported tokens: Gemma4 layer-0 key-value cache tensors are directly invertible, placing the side channel within KV caches commonly persisted by production serving stacks for decoding efficiency. The attack survives clutter, realistic document degradation, and zero-shot transfer to public document images, and it resists value-level defenses such as additive noise and quantization. Effective mitigation must therefore reduce spatial sampling, making removal of the vision encoder a first-class privacy decision in VLM deployment.

隐私安全视觉语言模型侧信道攻击编码器

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