arXiv:2606.14992cs.ARcs.LG2026-06

将卡尔曼滤波器高效部署到边缘NPU,实现低功耗实时跟踪。

KATANA: A Fast, Low-Power Mapping of Kalman Filters onto Edge NPUs for Real-Time Tracking

论文配图:KATANA: A Fast, Low-Power Mapping of Kalman Filters onto Edge NPUs for Real-Time Tracking
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 利用代数重写技术将滤波计算映射至NPU矩阵单元
  • 批量扩展的EKF达223.35帧/秒,功耗仅13.43瓦
  • 相比CPU降低97.9%动态能耗,适合车载无人机等边缘场景

状态估计是雷达监控、反无人机防御、自动驾驶和机器人等实时跟踪系统的核心。这些系统运行在边缘平台,如车载防御系统和手持设备,每多一瓦功耗都会缩短任务时长或工作范围。因此必须满足两个硬约束:每个新测量值需在下一控制周期前融合完成,且总计算量必须符合严格的电池与热功耗限制。线性与扩展卡尔曼滤波器(LKF、EKF)是主流状态估计算法,但目前几乎全由CPU串行执行,或依赖定制化FPGA/ASIC加速器,延长开发周期。现代AI-PC SoC(如英特尔酷睿Ultra系列1和2)集成低功耗、数据并行的神经网络处理单元(NPU)。本文探讨能否将卡尔曼滤波器映射至现有NPU,以同时满足实时性与低功耗要求,避免专用加速器,并释放CPU/GPU资源用于主任务。我们提出KATANA——首个端到端将LKF与EKF映射至商用NPU的NPU感知优化框架,包含跨平台实测结果。KATANA采用三种代数图重写:通过预计算负投影矩阵H_neg实现减法转加法;静态形状张量融合;块对角批量并行化,确保100%操作在DPU矩阵引擎上执行。在系列2芯片上,优化后的批量EKF达到223.35 FPS,功耗13.43 W;LKF达408.73 FPS,功耗14.05 W,相比CPU实现高达97.9%的动态能耗降低。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

State estimation is the closed-loop core of every real-time tracking system, from radar surveillance and counter-UAV defense to autonomous driving and robotics. These deployments run on edge platforms, where defense systems mount on vehicles and drones, and civilian pipelines live on cars and handheld devices. Here, every additional watt of compute erodes mission duration or operational range. Two hard constraints follow: each new measurement must be fused before the next control cycle, and the total compute must fit within a strict battery and thermal power envelope. The Linear and Extended Kalman Filters (LKF, EKF) are dominant estimators on these systems, but today they execute almost exclusively on CPUs, which serialize multi-object tracking (MOT) updates, or on custom FPGA/ASIC accelerators that lengthen design cycles. Contemporary AI-PC SoCs, like the Intel Core Ultra Series 1 and 2, integrate a low-power, data-parallel Neural Processing Unit (NPU). We therefore ask whether the Kalman filter can be mapped onto this existing matrix engine to meet real-time and low-power budgets simultaneously, avoiding a dedicated accelerator and keeping the CPU and GPU free for primary workloads. We present KATANA, an NPU-aware optimization framework delivering the first end-to-end mapping of the LKF and EKF onto a commercial NPU, alongside a cross-platform characterization on shipping AI-PC silicon. KATANA applies three algebraic graph rewrites: subtract-to-add reformulation via a precomputed negative-projection matrix H_neg, static-shape tensor fusion, and block-diagonal batched parallelization, ensuring 100% of operations execute on the DPU matrix engine. On the Series 2, the optimized batched EKF reaches 223.35 FPS at 13.43 W active power, and the LKF reaches 408.73 FPS at 14.05 W, delivering up to a 97.9% reduction in dynamic energy versus the CPU implementation.

边缘计算卡尔曼滤波NPU优化实时跟踪

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