让智能体学会拒绝回答无法解答的问题,提升真实场景下的可靠性。
Semantic Flip: Synthetic OOD Generation for Robust Refusal in Embodied Question Answering and Spatial Localization

- 通过独立变换问题和视觉记忆生成无充分视觉依据的异常样本
- 在空间定位任务中实现0.9559的拒绝准确率,优于现有方法
- 无需重新训练模型,可无缝接入现有视觉语言系统
检测无法回答的用户问题对现实世界具身智能体的可靠部署至关重要。然而,现代视觉语言模型(VLMs)在缺乏足够视觉支持时仍会给出过于自信的回答,导致误导性信息或错误导航。本文提出Semantic Flip框架,无需外部标注即可合成辅助的分布外(OOD)样本用于具身拒绝训练。核心思路是独立变换查询与视频记忆,构建缺乏充分视觉依据的异常配对,进而训练轻量级拒答模块。该模块可附加于任意冻结的预训练VLM之上,不需重训练底层模型。在两个互补基准上,该方法持续超越强基线提示方案。本文还引入SpaceReject新基准,针对长视频记忆中的故意不可答查询进行空间定位拒绝测试,Semantic Flip达到0.9559的F1分数。代码与数据集已开源。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Detecting unanswerable user queries remains essential for the reliable deployment of real-world embodied agents. However, modern vision-language models (VLMs) often generate overly confident answers even when the available visual memory cannot support the query. Such overconfidence poses various task-dependent risks. The agent may provide misleading information to the user in Embodied Question Answering and select an arbitrary coordinate and physically guide the user there in spatial reasoning for navigation. Despite these high stakes, only a few prior studies directly address when and how an embodied VLM should respond with "I do not know." This work proposes Semantic Flip, a simple yet effective framework that synthesizes auxiliary out-of-distribution (OOD) samples for embodied refusal without requiring external OOD annotations. The key idea is to independently transform the query and video memory to construct auxiliary OOD pairs that lack sufficient visual grounding. These synthesized pairs enable training a lightweight rejection module on top of a frozen pretrained VLM. The module attaches to any existing VLM-based pipeline without retraining the underlying model. Across two complementary benchmarks, Semantic Flip consistently outperforms strong prompting baselines. This work also introduces SpaceReject, a new refusal benchmark for spatial localization with deliberately unanswerable queries over long video memory, where Semantic Flip achieves an $F_1$ score of 0.9559. The source codes and datasets are publicly available at https://github.com/ndb796/SemanticFlip.
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