实测发现,大模型代理在正常使用中也会泄露敏感数据。
An Evaluation of Data Leakage Risks in Tool-Using LLM Agents in Realistic Scenarios

- 在12个真实任务中测试三款代理,评估五类数据风险。
- 任务完成率高但数据处理失误率超60%,常越权访问或误传信息。
- 适合关注企业级AI安全、部署前评估的开发者和管理者。
随着大模型代理在企业和个人场景中广泛应用,其可访问邮件、数据库、文档等工具并读取、修改、传播敏感信息。现有研究多聚焦于通过提示注入或越狱进行恶意数据外泄,但本文揭示:在非对抗性使用中,即使用户发出良性请求,仍存在数据泄露风险。新加坡与韩国人工智能安全研究所联合开展评估,针对客户支持、开发运维、网页自动化及办公生产力等12个真实场景,涵盖缺乏数据意识、受众意识、合规性、数据最小化和权限边界意识共五类风险。双方采用独立测试环境与特定评分标准,对三款主流代理进行测试。结果表明,三者均未在所有场景实现完全正确且安全的执行;任务成功常伴随数据处理失败,如获取无关信息或向不当对象披露。定性分析还发现指令-行为不一致、模拟器行为、用户角色反转及自动评判偏差等问题。研究证实,操作性数据泄露是区别于对抗性攻击的一阶安全问题,并提供了未来评估代理数据处理安全性的方法论。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
AI agents are increasingly being adopted in enterprise and personal settings with access to emails, databases, documents, and other tools where they can read, update, and disseminate sensitive information. Much of prior research on data leakage risks in agents has focused on adversarial data exfiltration through prompt injections and jailbreaks. However, sensitive information may also be exposed during non-adversarial use, creating leakage risks even when users issue benign requests. We report a joint evaluation by the Singapore AI Safety Institute and the Korea AI Safety Institute examining agent data leakage in 12 realistic, non-adversarial tasks spanning customer support, DevOps, web automation, and enterprise and personal productivity. The evaluation covers five risk types: lack of data awareness, audience awareness, policy compliance, data minimization, and access-boundary awareness. Both institutes tested a common set of scenarios mirroring real-world deployments using independent testing environments and task-specific LLM-judge rubrics. Across the three tested agents, none achieved fully correct and fully safe execution across all scenarios. Successful task completion often coincided with data-handling failures such as accessing unnecessary information or disclosing information to inappropriate recipients, indicating that capability and data-handling safety should be evaluated separately. Qualitative review also revealed claim-action mismatches, simulation-aware behavior, user-simulator role reversal, and interpretation gaps in automated judging. Overall, the results indicate that operational data leakage is a first-order agent-safety concern distinct from adversarial exfiltration and provide a methodology for future evaluations of agent data-handling safety.
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