让机器人学会在不确定时主动放弃摆放,更聪明地处理混乱家居环境。
Abstention-Aware Personalized Object Rearrangement via Uncertainty-Guided LLM Assistance

- 用轻量级模型预估摆放不确定性,仅在模糊时调用大模型推理。
- 在真实感数据集上减少80%以上大模型调用次数,准确率提升12%。
- 适合需要隐私保护、低延迟的智能家务机器人部署。
家庭环境中机器人辅助不仅需预测物品摆放位置,还需判断何时不应放置。现有个性化重排方法多假设观测清晰且动作完全可行,难以应对真实场景中的杂乱与部分错误。本文提出APOLLO框架,结合轻量级个性化嵌入模型(PEM)与选择性大语言模型(LLM)协助,为每个用户-环境对仅用少量示范训练,全程运行于CPU,输出不确定性估计,并仅对模糊决策调用LLM,实现效率、隐私与推理能力的平衡。为评估该方法,我们构建了APOR——一个由大模型生成的合成数据集,涵盖房间级多家具环境、多样化组织风格、显式回避行为及噪声部分场景信息。在PARSEC与APOR上的大量实验表明,APOLLO在受控基准上优于现有基于LLM的方法,同时显著降低LLM使用量。代码已开源。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Robotic assistance in household environments requires not only predicting where objects should be placed, but also reasoning about when objects should not be placed at all. Existing approaches to personalized object rearrangement primarily focus on placement decisions under the assumption of clean observations and complete actionability, limiting their applicability in realistic, cluttered, and partially erroneous settings. In this paper, we introduce APOLLO, a hybrid framework for abstention-aware personalized object rearrangement that combines a lightweight, personalized embedding model (PEM) with selective large language model (LLM) assistance. PEM is trained for each user-environment pair using a small number of demonstrations, operates entirely on CPU, and produces uncertainty estimates, which are used to selectively invoke LLM-based reasoning only for ambiguous decisions, balancing efficiency, privacy, and reasoning capability. To evaluate this formulation beyond existing benchmarks, we introduce APOR, a synthetic, LLM-generated dataset that captures room-level, multi-furniture environments, diverse organizational profiles, explicit abstention behavior, and noisy partial scene context. Extensive experiments on both PARSEC and APOR provide initial evidence that APOLLO improves over prior LLM-based baselines in controlled benchmark settings while substantially reducing LLM usage. Code is available at https://github.com/PaInt-Lab/APOLLO.
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