arXiv:2606.18198cs.CRcs.CV2026-06被引 4

用图片藏恶意指令,骗过文本扫描,让多模态代理执行攻击。

Seeing Is Not Screening: Multimodal Hidden Instruction Attacks on Agent Skill Scanners

论文配图:Seeing Is Not Screening: Multimodal Hidden Instruction Attacks on Agent Skill Scanners
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 把恶意指令藏在技能文档附带的图片里,靠图文联合解读触发攻击
  • 现有扫描器易漏检,而新方法能发现图像中隐藏的窃取、破坏等风险行为
  • 适合研究AI安全、多模态系统防御的开发者和研究人员

大模型系统中的代理技能正成为重要攻击面。通过实证研究现有技能扫描器,我们发现当前防御主要依赖文本描述、清单和源代码作为安全分析信号,导致视觉传达的恶意意图未被充分审查。这造成实际盲点:部署时,多模态代理仍可恢复嵌入图像中的有害操作指令,而这些指令可能绕过仅分析文本的扫描。为此,我们提出 SkillCamo——一种基于文档的多模态指令攻击方法,将恶意指令隐藏在与技能捆绑的图像中,并重写文档使其自然引用这些图像作为正常工作流的一部分。攻击不依赖图像单独生效,而是依赖执行时对文本引导与视觉内容的联合理解。为防御此类攻击,我们进一步提出 ExecScan,一个基于执行的多模态扫描模块,对技能资源进行意图提取、行为重构、滥用评估和推理执行模拟。ExecScan 联合分析文档、代码、引用资源与视觉内容,以恢复隐藏指令、重建可执行行为链,并识别下游风险,如数据外泄、破坏、持久化、欺骗和权限提升。大量实验表明,图像隐藏的恶意指令会挑战现有扫描器,而 ExecScan 能有效提升扫描性能。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Agent skills are emerging as an important attack surface in LLM-based systems. Through an empirical study of existing skill scanners, we find that current defenses primarily rely on textual descriptions, manifests, and source code as the main signals for security analysis, which can leave visually conveyed malicious intent insufficiently examined. This creates a practical blind spot: harmful operational instructions hidden in images may bypass scanning while still being recoverable by multimodal agents during deployment. To systematically investigate this threat, we propose SkillCamo, a document-mediated multimodal instruction attack that conceals malicious instructions within images bundled with a skill while rewriting the surrounding documentation to naturally reference those images as part of the normal workflow. Thus, the attack does not rely on the image alone, but on the joint interpretation of textual guidance and visual payload at execution time. To defend against such attacks, we further propose ExecScan, an execution-grounded multimodal scanning module that performs intent extraction, behavior reconstruction, abuse assessment, and deliberative execution simulation over skill artifacts. ExecScan jointly analyzes documentation, code, referenced resources, and visual content to recover hidden instructions, reconstruct executable behavior chains, and identify downstream risks such as exfiltration, destruction, persistence, deception, and privilege escalation. Extensive experiments show that image-hidden malicious instructions challenge existing skill scanners, while ExecScan can improve the skill scanning performance.

多模态攻击安全扫描恶意指令图像隐写

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