arXiv:2606.19308cs.CLcs.MA2026-06

用多智能体博弈模拟多方立场,解决决策相互依赖难题。

Enhancing Decision-Making with Large Language Models through Multi-Agent Fictitious Play

论文配图:Enhancing Decision-Making with Large Language Models through Multi-Agent Fictitious Play
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 将各方立场建模为智能体,通过迭代回应历史决策寻找均衡
  • 在竞赛强度和鲁棒性上超越单轮与多轮基线方法
  • 适合复杂决策场景,如商业谈判、战略规划等

基于大语言模型的多智能体系统在执行复杂任务中展现巨大潜力,通过将子任务分配给协作智能体来实现。然而,这种分而治之的范式在现实世界中广泛存在的决策任务中表现不足,这类任务要求所有相关方立场同时推理,且决策相互依赖,无法孤立求解。我们将其挑战定义为立场纠缠,一种不同于执行复杂性的决策复杂性。为此,我们提出多智能体虚构博弈(MAFP),一种新范式:将各利益相关方立场视为智能体,并将决策过程形式化为寻求均衡的过程。基于博弈论中的虚构博弈原理,MAFP通过最佳响应其他智能体过往决策的经验混合来迭代更新每个智能体的决策。这使智能体能暴露并修正彼此的弱点,逐步提升决策质量与鲁棒性。我们在需预先制定竞争策略的挑战性决策任务上评估MAFP,结果在两个互补指标——锦标赛强度与鲁棒性——上均优于单轮与多轮基线,证明其有效应对立场纠缠。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems (MAS) have demonstrated great potential in solving tasks with execution complexity, by distributing subtasks across cooperative agents. However, this divide-and-conquer paradigm falls short on decision-making tasks that are also prevalent in the real world. These tasks require simultaneous reasoning from the stances of all involved stakeholders whose decisions are mutually dependent and thus cannot be solved in isolation. We characterize this challenge as stance entanglement, a form of decision complexity distinct from execution complexity. To address it, we propose Multi-Agent Fictitious Play (MAFP), a novel MAS paradigm that represents stakeholder stances as agents and formulates decision-making as an equilibrium-seeking process. Built on the game-theoretic principle of fictitious play, MAFP iteratively updates each agent's decision by best responding to the empirical mixture of other agents' past decisions. This enables agents to expose and address one another's weaknesses, progressively improving decision quality and robustness. We evaluate MAFP on challenging decision-making tasks that test the capability of deciding strategies for competitive scenarios prior to acting. MAFP outperforms both single-round and multi-round baselines on two complementary metrics, tournament strength and robustness, demonstrating its effectiveness in addressing stance entanglement.

多智能体决策系统博弈论

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