用一个参数控制图像恢复的模糊与真实感平衡,无需额外训练。
Flow Map Denoisers: Traversing the Distortion-Perception Plane for Inverse Problems

- 通过流映射模型的前瞻参数调节去噪器,实现平滑过渡
- 在人脸数据集上验证,单模型覆盖模糊到清晰全范围
- 适用于各类逆问题,适合追求高效通用修复的开发者
图像恢复存在根本性权衡:最小化误差的方法产生模糊重建,最大化感知质量的方法则牺牲保真度。现有方法要么固定在某一点,要么依赖成对数据、辅助模型或采样器超参数调优。本文发现,流映射模型(一种少步采样扩展)隐式定义了一族连续变化的去噪器,能覆盖失真-感知前沿。前瞻参数 t 可作为控制旋钮,在最小均方误差与感知最优之间调节。对高斯目标,我们证明 t 的变化能精确复现最优前沿;对自然图像,实证观察到类似行为。在即插即用求解器中,该机制扩展至一般逆问题,控制感知对齐与数据一致性间的权衡。尽管无严格最优保证,单一训练模型即可覆盖整个权衡面,性能优于或匹配专门设计的基线。在 CelebA(128×128)和 AFHQ(256×256)上,多个线性和非线性逆任务实验验证了这一结论。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Image restoration faces a fundamental tradeoff: methods that minimize error produce blurry reconstructions, while those that maximize perceptual quality yield sharp but less faithful images. Existing approaches either commit to a single operating point on this distortion perception (DP) frontier or require paired-data supervision, auxiliary models, or hyperparameter tuning of the sampler to access different points. We show that flow map models, a recent extension of flow matching for few-step sampling that learns an average field, implicitly define a one-parameter family of denoisers that continuously spans the DP frontier. The lookahead parameter t acts as a control knob between the MMSE and perceptual regimes. For Gaussian targets, we prove that varying t exactly recovers the optimal DP frontier; for natural images, we observe similar behavior empirically. Within a Plug-and-Play solver, the same mechanism extends to general inverse problems, where it controls a tradeoff between perceptual alignment and data consistency. Despite the lack of exact optimality guarantees in this setting, a single trained flow map spans the DP tradeoff, matching or exceeding specialized baselines at both extremes. Extensive experiments on CelebA ($128\times 128$) and AFHQ ($256\times 256$) across several linear and nonlinear inverse tasks validate our findings.
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