提出量子测量温度机制,解决量子分类器训练不稳问题。
Mitigating Measurement-Induced Training Instability in Hybrid Quantum Neural Networks for Protein Classification

- 引入可学习的量子测量温度,动态缩放测量输出
- 使梯度幅度和方差提升,显著改善训练稳定性
- 无需修改电路,适合各类量子神经网络应用
混合量子神经网络分类器通过量子测量算符的期望值生成逻辑值,标准泡利测量下输出天然受限于[-1,1]区间。当这些有界逻辑值直接用于交叉熵损失时,损失函数对逻辑值差异敏感度低,导致参数梯度被抑制,引发变分量子分类器训练不稳定。本文首次揭示此现象为测量诱导的逻辑值收缩,是混合量子神经网络可训练性下降的未被识别根源。为此,提出可学习的缩放参数——量子测量温度(QMT),在损失计算前对测量输出进行重标度。与后处理校准不同,QMT在训练中实时作用,补偿量子测量输出的物理边界限制,增强梯度大小与方差,提高损失敏感度。该方法架构无关,不改变量子线路、深度或测量算符。在荧光显微图像及六类时尚MNIST数据集上的实验表明,相比未缩放测量读数,QMT能持续提升逻辑值分离度、强化梯度、稳定跨随机初始化训练,并提高分类准确率。结果证明,QMT可实现混合量子神经网络的稳定可靠训练。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Hybrid Quantum Neural Network (QNN) classifiers produce logits as expectation values of quantum measurement operators. For standard Pauli measurements, these outputs are intrinsically bounded to the interval [-1,1]. When such bounded logits are used directly with the cross-entropy loss applied to softmax-normalized logits for multi-class classification, the loss function operates in a regime of weak sensitivity to logit differences. As a consequence, parameter gradients are suppressed, leading to unstable optimization in variational quantum classifiers (VQCs). In this work, we identify this effect as measurement-induced logit contraction, a previously uncharacterized source of trainability degradation in hybrid QNNs. To address this limitation, we introduce a learnable scaling parameter, termed Quantum Measurement Temperature (QMT), which rescales quantum measurement outputs prior to the loss. Unlike post-hoc calibration, QMT acts during training and compensates for the physically imposed bounds on quantum measurement outputs. This rescaling increases gradient magnitude and variance, thereby improving loss sensitivity. The proposed mechanism is architecture-agnostic and does not modify the quantum ansatz, circuit depth, or measurement operators. Experiments on fluorescence microscopy images and a six-class variant of Fashion MNIST demonstrate that QMT consistently enhances logit separation, strengthens gradients, stabilizes training across random initializations, and improves classification accuracy, relative to unscaled measurement readouts. These results demonstrate that QMT enables stable and reliable training of hybrid QNNs for practical applications.
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