arXiv:2606.23670cs.LGcs.AI2026-06被引 1

让模型前层更宽、后层更窄,能显著提升性能且不增加成本。

Tapered Language Models

  • 前层分配更多参数,后层逐步减少,形成渐变结构
  • 在相同参数量下,困惑度降低3.2%-5.1%,下游任务表现更好
  • 适用于各类主流架构,无需额外计算资源

现代语言模型(包括Transformer、循环和基于记忆的变体)普遍采用统一参数分配的堆叠层结构。然而越来越多证据表明,各层对最终输出贡献不均,后期层主要微调残差流而非进行深层变换。本文通过受控实验发现,在固定参数预算下,将更多容量分配给前层、较少给后层可显著降低困惑度,反向分配则有害。基于此,提出梯度化语言模型(Tapered Language Models, TLMs),即在总参数不变前提下,使参数组件沿深度单调递减。以多层感知机(MLP)为实现载体,因其占现代语言模型绝大部分参数且宽度可独立调节。在三种模型规模与四种架构(Transformer、Gated Attention、Hope-attention、Titans)上,采用平滑余弦调度缩小MLP宽度,均持续提升困惑度与下游基准表现,且无额外参数或计算开销。该结果确立了深度感知的容量分配为一种简单、通用的语言模型设计维度,是隐藏在现有架构中的免费优化杠杆。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Modern language models, including transformer, recurrent, and memory-based variants, share a common chassis: a stack of identical layers in which parameters are allocated uniformly across depth. This is a default inherited from the original transformer and largely unchanged since, yet a growing body of evidence suggests that layers contribute non-uniformly to the final output, with later layers refining the residual stream rather than transforming it. We ask whether parameter capacity should reflect this asymmetry. Our controlled experiment shows that, under a fixed budget, allocating more capacity to earlier layers and less to later layers improves perplexity over a uniform-width baseline, while the reverse allocation hurts. Building on this result, we introduce Tapered Language Models (TLMs), an architectural principle in which a parameter-bearing component is monotonically tapered across depth under a fixed total budget. MLPs are the natural site for this instantiation: they dominate parameter count across all modern LM families and expose width as a single, clean axis of variation. Across three model scales and four architectures (Transformer, Gated Attention, Hope-attention, and Titans), tapering MLP width via a smooth cosine schedule consistently improves perplexity and downstream benchmark performance over uniform baselines, at no additional parameter or compute cost. These findings establish depth-aware capacity allocation as a simple, architecture-agnostic axis of language model design, a free lever hidden in plain sight.

模型架构参数分配自适应结构高效训练

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