arXiv:2606.24516cs.CV2026-06

揭示流模型逆求解器如何逼近后验分布,提出更准确的采样方法。

What Do Flow-Based Inverse Solvers Approximate? A Posterior-Transport View

论文配图:What Do Flow-Based Inverse Solvers Approximate? A Posterior-Transport View
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 用源分布重加权替代轨迹引导,实现精确后验采样
  • 理论证明轨迹引导误差高达200–800倍,且丢失后验模式
  • 新方法无需训练,生成多样样本并反映重建不确定性

一系列无训练逆求解器(FlowDPS、FLOWER、PnP-Flow及其扩散祖先)利用预训练流匹配先验,通过添加测量引导项解决成像逆问题。尽管实验表现优异,其每步修正实际逼近的目标及与真实后验 $p(xackslash| y)$ 的差距尚未明确。本文从后验传输视角分析:对确定性流先验,贝叶斯条件化仅通过源分布重加权实现,不需漂移修正;将重加权源通过未修改的速度场传播即可得精确后验样本。由此表明,轨迹引导求解器等价于最小动能修正场,而 FlowDPS / FLOWER / PnP-Flow 分别对应零阶/高斯/近端近似。我们界定了其在Wasserstein距离下的后验偏差。二维闭式后验验证显示,源重加权在各项指标上接近蒙特卡洛下限,而轨迹引导误差大200–800倍,且模式坍缩,无论引导强度如何。基于分析,我们提出一种低成本、原则化的速度修正求解器,在两个域内先验(AFHQ、CelebA)和两个域外设置中表现良好,且相比点估计优化器能生成多样性后验样本,其不确定性与重建误差相关。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

A growing family of training-free solvers -- FlowDPS, FLOWER, PnP-Flow and their diffusion ancestors (DPS, DAPS) -- repurpose a pretrained flow-matching prior to solve imaging inverse problems by adding a measurement-guidance term to the deterministic probability-flow ODE. Despite strong empirical results, what these per-step corrections actually approximate -- and how far the resulting samples are from the true posterior $p(x\mid y)$ -- has not been characterized. We give a posterior-transport account of flow-based inverse problem solving. Our starting point is a simple but consequential fact: for a \emph{deterministic} flow prior, Bayesian conditioning is realized entirely by a \emph{reweighting of the source distribution}, not by a drift correction; pushing the reweighted source through the \emph{unmodified} velocity field yields exact posterior samples. From this we show that trajectory-guidance solvers can be read as the minimum-kinetic-energy \emph{correction} field needed to morph the unconditional source into the posterior, and that FlowDPS / FLOWER / PnP-Flow correspond to distinct zeroth-order / Gaussian / proximal approximations of this single object; we bound the resulting posterior bias in Wasserstein distance. A controlled $2$D study with a closed-form posterior confirms the theory decisively: source reweighting matches the true posterior to the Monte-Carlo floor on every metric, whereas trajectory guidance incurs $200$--$800\times$ larger error and collapses posterior modes, \emph{regardless of guidance strength}. Guided by the analysis we propose a cheap, principled velocity-correction solver that is competitive across two in-domain priors (AFHQ, CelebA) and two out-of-distribution settings while, unlike point-estimate source-space optimizers, producing diverse posterior samples with uncertainty that correlates with reconstruction error.

逆问题流模型后验采样生成模型

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