arXiv:2606.25757cs.CL2026-06

用内在困惑度变化替代外部评分,让大模型在开放任务中更稳定地自我改进。

OPERA: Aligning Open-Ended Reasoning via Objective Perplexity-based Reinforcement Learning

论文配图:OPERA: Aligning Open-Ended Reasoning via Objective Perplexity-based Reinforcement Learning
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 通过困惑度动态变化生成内在奖励信号,避免外部评分的风格偏差。
  • 构建20,000条高质量推理轨迹数据集,支持冷启动阶段的可靠训练。
  • 在创意写作等开放任务中表现优于多数开源模型,接近闭源领先水平。

强化学习(RL)已使大语言模型在数学和代码生成等客观推理任务中表现出色。然而,在创意写作等开放任务中应用RL仍具挑战性,因依赖外部‘模型评分员’的奖励模型常存在风格偏见和位置不一致问题,导致监督不稳定。为此,我们提出OPERA(基于目标困惑度的反思对齐),以内在奖励替代不可靠的外部评判。具体而言,从困惑度动态中提取内在奖励信号,量化关键反思状态下的不确定性降低程度。在冷启动阶段,引入一种数据合成方法:通过精心设计的引导词生成多样化推理路径,并利用内部概率进行困惑度优先采样,筛选逻辑一致的推理分支。该流程生成包含20,000条高质量推理轨迹的大规模数据集。实证评估表明,该方法在开放任务对齐中具有可扩展性和有效性。在Qwen3-8B上实现的OPERA达到开源模型新纪录,部分任务性能媲美或超越Gemini2.5和MiniMax-M2.5等闭源模型。代码已开源:https://github.com/pangpang-xuan/OPERA。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has enabled LLMs to excel in objective reasoning tasks such as mathematics and code generation. However, applying RL to open-ended tasks, such as creative writing, remains challenging because LLM-as-a-judge reward models often exhibit stylistic biases and positional inconsistencies, leading to unstable supervision. To address this, we propose OPERA (Objective Perplexity-based Reflective Alignment), which replaces unreliable external judges with intrinsic rewards derived from perplexity dynamics. Specifically, we derive an intrinsic reward signal from perplexity dynamics, quantifying uncertainty reduction at critical reflective states. During the cold-start phase, we introduce a data synthesis method that leverages carefully designed guiding words to generate diverse reasoning traces, along with perplexity-prioritized rollouts that utilize internal log-probabilities to identify logically consistent reasoning branches. This pipeline yields a large-scale dataset comprising 20,000 high-quality reasoning trajectories. Empirical evaluations consistently demonstrate the scalability and efficacy of our approach in alignment for open-ended tasks. Implementing OPERA on Qwen3-8B establishes a new state-of-the-art among open-source models, achieving parity with or surpassing proprietary models like Gemini2.5 and MiniMax-M2.5 in some open-ended tasks. The code is available at https://github.com/pangpang-xuan/OPERA.

强化学习大模型对齐开放推理

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