用智能体框架优化电动公交充电与电网互动,提升调度灵活性。
When Agents Meet Electric Bus Fleet Operations: Pricing Behavior, Trade-offs, and Policy Implications in an Aggregator Framework

- 构建智能体聚合框架,动态协调充电、电价与车网互动
- 实测可减少调度偏差,支持实时重优化,提升充电与储能利用率
- 适合关注公交电动化与电网协同的政策制定者和运营方
智能体系统正改变复杂任务的协同方式,为连接异构数据源与自动化流程带来新范式。电动公交车队运营需持续协调服务可靠性、电池状态、充电桩可用性、电价波动、路线能耗不确定性及车网互动(V2G)机会。本文提出一种基于智能体的聚合框架,将基于优化的电动公交调度模型与监督型智能体结合,实现扰动检测、电价适应与调度评估。优化核心确保路线、充电桩、电池与V2G交换的物理可行性,智能体层则根据运行条件变化触发实时重优化,并定义聚合商与公交运营商(PTO)间的灵活性价值分配机制。通过真实场站案例,评估了在利润导向与运营导向模式下的日前与实时运行表现,涵盖服务延误、路线能耗偏差、电价冲击及复合扰动。结果表明,智能体聚合可实现自适应车-网协同,维持可行调度,选择性激活重优化,并提升充放电与V2G灵活性利用。但同时揭示关键权衡:同一智能体能力若以利润定价为导向,可能从公交运营商处提取价值。研究建议,智能体聚合器虽有助于管理电动公交V2G,但在公共车队场景部署时,需透明的协调模式、可审计的电价设定及明确的价值共享规则。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Agentic systems are changing how complex operational tasks are coordinated, introducing a new paradigm for connecting heterogeneous data sources and automating processes. Electric bus fleets provide a relevant test case. Their operation requires continuous coordination between service reliability, battery state-of-charge, charger availability, electricity prices, route-energy uncertainty, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) opportunities. This paper proposes an agentic aggregator framework that streamlines this decision environment by coupling an optimization-based electric bus scheduling model with supervisory agents for disturbance detection, tariff adaptation, and schedule evaluation. The optimization core enforces physical feasibility across routes, chargers, batteries, and V2G exchanges, while the agentic layer interprets changing operating conditions, triggers real-time re-optimization when needed, and defines how flexibility value is allocated between the aggregator and the public transport operator (PTO). A realistic depot case study evaluates day-ahead and real-time operations under profit-based and operation-based coordination modes, considering service delays, route-energy deviations, electricity price shocks, and combined disturbances. The results show that agentic aggregation can support adaptive fleet-grid coordination by maintaining feasible schedules, activating re-optimization selectively, and improving the use of charging and V2G flexibility. However, they also reveal a critical trade-off: the same agentic capability that reduces operational complexity can extract value from the PTO when configured around profit-oriented pricing. These findings suggest that agentic aggregators can become useful for managing electric bus V2G operations, but their deployment in public-fleet contexts requires transparent coordination modes, auditable tariff-setting, and explicit value-sharing rules.
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