通过重构任务结构,让机器人在推理时灵活调整行为以满足用户偏好。
Inference-Time Robot Behavior Steering through Physically-Aware Reconfiguration of Task-Structure

- 用状态机骨架+连续控制器分解策略,实现可编辑的任务结构
- 无需重训练,在真实场景中使成功率和偏好遵循度提升25%
- 适合需要动态调整行为的机器人应用,如家庭服务或工业协作
部署学习型机器人策略的核心挑战是推理时的行为调控:在测试阶段重新定向策略以满足训练时未预见到的用户偏好,而无需重新训练。现有方法存在两种失效模式:端到端方法需微调或专家指导,神经符号方法依赖预设符号,修改后可能生成逻辑合理但物理不可行的计划。为此,我们提出 ReStruct,基于神经自动机策略,将视觉运动策略分解为高层状态机骨架(捕捉任务结构)与低层连续控制器(作为残差策略)。ReStruct 采用状态机表示偏好,并通过同步积合并入骨架,从而重构任务结构。在控制器保持冻结的前提下,骨架提供的动作先验随之更新,实现新任务结构下的物理可行控制。大量仿真与真实世界实验表明,ReStruct 可调控多种偏好,包括以对象为中心的指令与时序逻辑约束;调控后性能优于现有方法,任务成功率与偏好遵循度均较 VLA 模型提升最多达 25%。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
A central challenge in deploying learned robot policies is inference-time behavior steering: redirecting a policy at test time to satisfy user preferences not anticipated during training, without retraining. Existing methods fail in two modes: end-to-end methods require fine-tuning or expert-level guidance, while neuro-symbolic methods rely on predefined symbols whose edits can result in logically reasonable but physically infeasible plans. To address this challenge, we propose ReStruct, which builds upon a neural automaton policy that decomposes a visuomotor policy into a high-level state-machine skeleton capturing task structure and a low-level continuous controller represented as a residual policy. Specifically, ReStruct adopts the automaton to represent the preference and incorporates it into the skeleton through a synchronous product, thereby reconfiguring the task structure. With the controller kept frozen, the action priors provided by the skeleton are updated accordingly to enable physically-aware control under a modified task structure. Extensive experiments from simulation and real-world show that ReStruct steers a wide range of preferences, from object-centric specifications to temporal-logic constraints, and after steering surpasses existing methods, exceeding VLA models in both task success and preference-following by up to 25%.
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