arXiv:2606.27027cs.CRcs.AI2026-06被引 1

用秘密共享技术在多个工具中隐蔽植入恶意指令,实现高成功率的隐蔽攻击。

ShareLock: A Stealthy Multi-Tool Threshold Poisoning Attack Against MCP

论文配图:ShareLock: A Stealthy Multi-Tool Threshold Poisoning Attack Against MCP
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 将恶意指令拆分为多个工具描述中的无害片段,利用门限加密隐藏
  • 在主流LLM上测试,平均攻击成功率超90%,且能绕过单工具检测
  • 适合研究模型安全或攻防对抗的学者,尤其关注多工具协同风险

随着大模型驱动智能体的快速发展,连接大模型与外部工具的开放协议Model Context Protocol(MCP)已成为现代智能体生态的核心。然而,MCP的广泛应用也带来了新型安全威胁,如工具投毒攻击(TPA),通过大模型-服务器交互注入恶意提示。现有投毒方案多采用单一明文嵌入方式,难以抵御人工审查或自动检测。当前研究仍缺乏对多工具协同投毒的系统分析,即多个工具可协作分散检测风险。本文提出ShareLock,一种基于Shamir门限方案的多工具门限投毒框架,实现极强隐蔽性与容错能力。该方法将恶意指令以看似无害的密钥分片形式分布于多个工具描述中,确保信息论意义上的保密性,并具备对适度审计的抗性。当在服务器更新时植入隐秘重构触发器后,各分片聚合重建隐藏指令,导致系统资产或私有数据遭严重泄露。为评估其现实威胁,我们构建了涵盖四种多工具场景的综合基准,在两个不同MCP客户端上的主流大模型上进行了广泛实验。结果表明,ShareLock在基于工具描述的检测中显著优于现有单工具投毒策略,且平均攻击成功率超过90%。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

With the rapid evolution of LLM-driven agents, Model Context Protocol (MCP), an open protocol bridging LLMs with external tools, has quickly become foundational to modern agent ecosystems. However, the expanding adoption of MCP has also introduced novel security concerns such as Tool Poisoning Attack (TPA), which exploit LLM-server interactions to inject malicious prompts. Existing poisoning schemes typically adopt a monolithic plaintext embedding paradigm, which fails to withstand manual inspection or automated detectors. Current research still lacks a systematic analysis on multi-tool poisoning, where multiple tools can be exploited cooperatively to disperse detection risk. In this paper, we introduce ShareLock, a multi-tool threshold poisoning framework that utilizes Shamir's threshold scheme to ensure exceptional stealth and fault tolerance. ShareLock distributes the malicious instruction as benign-looking secret shares across multiple tool descriptions, achieving both information-theoretic secrecy and attack robustness against moderate auditing. After a covert reconstruction trigger is planted during server update, the aggregated shares reconstruct the hidden instruction, resulting in critical breaches of system assets or private data. To evaluate the realistic threat of ShareLock, we constructed a comprehensive benchmark encompassing four multi-tool scenarios and conducted extensive experiments across mainstream LLMs on two distinct MCP clients. Our results demonstrate that ShareLock significantly outperforms existing single-tool poisoning strategies in tool description-based detection while maintaining an average attack success rate exceeding 90%.

模型安全投毒攻击门限加密MCP

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