主动型机器人提升互动频率,但成功率达92.86%仍胜于被动型。
When May I Help You? On The Effect of Proactivity on Group Human-Robot Collaboration

- 机器人分为主动(持续监听)与被动(等待指令)两种协作模式
- 主动模式互动频次显著提升,但整体成功率仅71.42%
- 用户经验与性格影响机器人主动性效果,适合个性化协作设计
机器人主动性是多人人机协作的核心挑战。在协作密室逃脱任务中,我们对比了反应式(仅在被呼唤时响应)与主动式(持续监听、自主贡献并定期重启对话)两种交互模式。通过谜题解决表现、互动频率及Godspeed和RoSAS量表评估发现,主动模式显著提高互动频率,而反应式模式整体成功率达92.86%,主动式为71.42%。当结合先前经验与人格特质分析时,有大语言模型经验者在反应式下解谜更快;有机器人经验者及内向者对主动/被动模式评价明显不同。结果表明,机器人主动性的影响受用户过往经验、性格特征及团队需求共同塑造。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Robot initiative is a central challenge in multi-party human-robot collaboration. A robot that contributes without being addressed may provide timely support, but it may also disrupt coordination, divide attention, or interrupt turn-taking; a robot that waits to be addressed may preserve human control, but it may also miss opportunities to assist. We investigate this design challenge in a collaborative escape room in which pairs of participants work with a humanoid robot under either a reactive interaction model, where the robot responds only when addressed, or a proactive model, where it listens continuously, contributes autonomously, and periodically re-initiates interaction. We evaluate both models using puzzle-solving performance, interaction frequency, and participant ratings on the Godspeed and RoSAS scales. The proactive model substantially increases interaction frequency, whereas the reactive model shows a descriptively higher overall success rate (92.86% vs. 71.42%). The strongest differences emerge when prior experience and personality are taken into account: participants with LLM experience solve the early puzzles faster in the reactive condition, and participants with prior robot experience show modified evaluations of proactive and reactive interaction as do introverted participants. These findings demonstrate that the effects of robot initiative are simultaneously shaped by users' prior experience, personality traits and more generally by the needs of the group.
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