用主动学习优化表格提取流程,减少标注成本。
Active Learning for Cascaded Object Detection: Balancing Coverage and Uncertainty in Table Extraction Pipelines

- 将不确定性聚类方法引入级联检测流程,兼顾覆盖与不确定性。
- 在四个数据集上,新方法比基线提升显著,最高节省50%标注量。
- 适合需要高效标注表格结构的工业文档处理场景。
从商业文档中提取表格依赖于级联流程:表检测(TD)先定位表格区域,表结构识别(TSR)再恢复其内部布局。为该流程构建专用训练集成本高昂,尤其对需细粒度结构标注的TSR任务。主动学习(AL)可降低标注负担,但现有策略多针对单模型任务,未考虑级联架构中的阶段依赖关系。本文首次将原始用于图像分类的混合覆盖-不确定性采样方法Uncertainty Herding(UHerding)适配至级联目标检测流程,并提出两种感知流程的扩展:RankFusion在检测与结构表示空间上实现双重覆盖,CAPA进一步引入阶段依赖门控与任务级不确定性校准。在两个公开数据集(PubTables-1M、FinTabNet)和两个私有数据集上,不同标注预算(71至500份文档)下的实验表明,UHerding在表格提取任务中表现良好,优于各基线;其中,RankFusion预期增益更高但方差较大,而CAPA最为稳定,在四组数据中三组超越标准UHerding。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Table extraction from business documents relies on a cascaded pipeline where Table Detection (TD) first localizes tables and Table Structure Recognition (TSR) then recovers their internal layout. Building task-specific training sets for this pipeline is costly, particularly for TSR which requires fine-grained structural annotations. Active learning (AL) can reduce this annotation burden, yet most AL strategies are designed for single-model tasks and do not account for inter-stage dependencies in cascaded architectures. In this work, we present the first adaptation of Uncertainty Herding (UHerding), a hybrid coverage-uncertainty sampling method originally proposed for image classification, to cascaded object detection pipelines. We propose two pipeline-aware extensions that exploit the TD-to-TSR dependency: RankFusion adds dual-manifold coverage over both detection and structure representation spaces, while CAPA further incorporates stage-dependent gating and per-task uncertainty calibration. Extensive experiments across two public (PubTables-1M and FinTabNet) and two private table extraction datasets, with various annotation budgets (from 71 to 500 documents) show that UHerding generalizes well to table extraction, outperforming each baseline. Among pipeline-aware variants, RankFusion achieves higher expected gains but at the cost of greater variance, while CAPA emerges as the most consistent strategy, outperforming standard UHerding on three out of four datasets.
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