让机器人在操作中自动调节速度,提升效率和成功率。
AutoSpeed: Annotation-Free Stage-Adaptive Motion Speed Learning for Robot Manipulation

- 通过动态调整速度适应不同任务阶段,无需标注速度或阶段信息。
- 实验显示任务执行时间显著减少,成功率也明显提高。
- 适合需要灵活速度控制的机器人操作场景。
操作任务的不同阶段具有不同的难度,暗示应采用阶段相关的运动速度和时间预测范围。然而,现有基于强化学习的视觉-运动策略通常模仿专家示范的执行速度,并使用固定的时间预测范围,限制了灵活性和整体任务吞吐量。本文提出 AutoSpeed,一种模型无关的学习框架,使现有视觉-运动策略能够预测具有阶段自适应运动速度的轨迹,且无需速度或阶段标注。我们将不同速度下的未来轨迹视为候选优化目标,利用综合成本函数权衡预测误差与预测范围,优化策略以达到最低成本的候选。通过固定长度的动作序列,速度调制可调整有效的时间预测范围:简单阶段以更高速度、更长预测范围执行,复杂阶段则以较慢速度、较短预测范围执行。具体地,我们通过离散余弦变换(DCT)在频域实现速度调制,支持平滑的非整数速度缩放,从而保持运动连续性。大量评估表明,AutoSpeed 显著减少了任务执行时间并提升了成功率。在 AutoSpeed 框架下,推断出的运动速度与任务阶段呈现强对应关系。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Different stages of manipulation tasks exhibit varying levels of difficulty, suggesting stage-dependent motion speeds and temporal prediction horizons. However, existing IL-based visuomotor policies typically imitate the execution speed of expert demonstrations and operate with a fixed temporal prediction horizon, limiting flexibility and overall task throughput. In this paper, we introduce AutoSpeed, a model-agnostic learning framework that enables existing visuomotor policies to predict trajectories with stage-adaptive motion speeds, without requiring speed or stage annotations. We treat future trajectories at different speeds as candidate optimization targets, evaluate each candidate using a composite cost that trades off prediction error against prediction horizon, and optimize the policy toward the minimum-cost candidate. With a fixed-length action sequence, speed modulation adjusts the effective temporal prediction horizon: simple stages are executed faster with a longer prediction horizon, whereas complex stages are executed more slowly with a shorter prediction horizon. Specifically, we implement speed modulation in the frequency domain via the discrete cosine transform (DCT), which enables smooth, non-integer speed scaling and thus preserves motion continuity. Extensive evaluations show that AutoSpeed substantially reduces task execution time while also improving success rates. Under the AutoSpeed framework, the inferred motion speeds exhibit a strong correspondence with task stages.
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