arXiv:2607.01181cs.LGcs.AI2026-07被引 2

用人类示范增强强化学习,让大模型生成更自然、多样且不作弊的答案。

Right in the Right Way: LM Training with Verifiable Rewards and Human Demonstrations

论文配图:Right in the Right Way: LM Training with Verifiable Rewards and Human Demonstrations
图 1 · 摘自论文原文
  • 引入对抗式判别器学习人类输出特征,补充传统强化学习的客观奖励
  • 在代码修复中降低编辑距离,故事生成中提升人类偏好评分和多样性
  • 适合追求高质量、类人生成效果的研究者与开发者使用

基于可验证奖励的强化学习(RLVR)在代码生成、数学推理等有明确评判标准的任务中表现优异。然而,现有方法仅优化可观测指标,忽略风格、结构等主观非可验证特性,导致多样性下降、表达不自然及奖励滥用等问题。本文提出一种生成器-判别器对抗框架,将人类示范作为学习信号,联合训练生成模型与判别器。生成器通过最大化任务准确率和来自判别器的对抗奖励进行优化;判别器则学习区分人类撰写与模型生成的内容,作为人类输出分布的隐式代理,反馈难以形式化为标量奖励的生成特性。在多种任务中,该方法在保持RLVR性能的同时,显著改善了非可验证属性:在代码修复中,生成解的编辑距离明显更低;在故事生成中,人类偏好胜率更高,且内容更丰富多样;在奖励滥用基准测试中,几乎消除模型偏差行为,同时维持高分表现。结果表明,该方法有效融合了强化学习与监督微调的优势,为同时优化可验证与不可验证目标提供可扩展路径。

原文摘要 · Abstract (English)

RL with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LMs on tasks with well-defined success metrics, such as code generation and mathematical reasoning. However, current RLVR methods optimize only what can be objectively scored, often neglecting subjective, non-verifiable aspects of human-like outputs, such as style and structure. This limitation leads to well-documented failure modes such as diversity collapse, unnatural-sounding responses, and reward hacking. We propose an adversarial generator-discriminator framework that augments verifiable rewards with a learned signal from human demonstrations. A generator model is trained using RL to maximize both task accuracy and an adversarial reward derived from a discriminator. The discriminator, trained alongside the generator policy, learns to distinguish human-written outputs from model-generated ones. The discriminator serves as a learned proxy for the human output distribution, providing feedback on aspects of generation that are difficult to formalize as scalar rewards. Across diverse domains, including bug fixing and open-ended generation, our approach consistently improves non-verifiable properties while preserving the accuracy gains of RLVR. In bug fixing, our method produces solutions with significantly lower edit distance compared to RLVR baselines while matching end performance. In story generation, our method significantly improves win rate while producing stories that are diverse and more human-like. And in a simple reward hacking benchmark, our method nearly eliminates model misbehavior while maintaining high benchmark scores. Together, these results show that our approach bridges RL and SFT, offering a scalable path toward jointly optimizing the verifiable and non-verifiable properties of a task.

强化学习人类示范生成质量大模型优化

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