用小模型生成可执行调度策略,提升车联网实时性与安全性。
Agentic-V2X: Small Language Model Agents for Deadline-Aware V2X Scheduling in 5G/6G Networks

- 小语言模型周期生成结构化调度策略,由轻量控制器执行。
- 在高密度场景下关键任务可靠性优于公平调度,尾延迟降低32%。
- 适合对安全性和可解释性要求高的5G/6G车联网实时调度场景。
大型语言模型(LLM)虽被提议作为下一代网络的控制接口,但其延迟高、幻觉多且缺乏控制保障,难以适用于近实时的数据包调度器,尤其在动态车联网(V2X)环境中。本文提出Agentic-V2X架构:部署小型本地语言模型作为周期性非实时rApp式策略生成器,轻量级xApp-like控制器以适配调度间隔执行经验证的策略。该框架针对5G NR V2X的时限感知调度,支持远程驾驶、协同感知、高清地图共享和传感器共享等异构服务。给定场景摘要、服务目标与遥测数据后,LLM生成包含服务优先级、权重范围和安全约束的结构化策略;验证器检查并修复策略后,控制器通过ns-3/ns3-ai中的调度权重调整执行。评估对比了比例公平调度、静态专家策略、启发式xApp、静态LLM策略及自适应LLM-rApp策略,共完成126次运行。指标包括时限内包接收率、尾延迟、时限违规、吞吐量、公平性、策略有效性与安全干预次数。结果表明,自适应LLM-rApp/xApp设计能生成有效可执行策略,在多个工况下表现竞争力,高密度下平均关键可靠性优于比例公平(PF),但成对统计分析显示其并非整体最优,仍低于最强静态策略。这些结果支持Agentic-V2X作为安全、可执行的小型LLM策略生成架构,而非通用主导调度方案。
原文摘要 · Abstract (English)
Large Language Models (LLMs) are proposed as control interfaces for next-generation networks, but their latency, hallucinations, and lack of control guarantees make them unsuitable for near-real-time packet schedulers, especially in dynamic V2X environments. This paper introduces Agentic-V2X, an architecture where a small, locally deployed language model acts as a periodic non-real-time rApp-inspired policy creator, while a lightweight xApp-like controller executes validated policies at intervals suitable for scheduling. The framework targets deadline-aware 5G NR V2X scheduling with heterogeneous services (teleoperated driving, cooperative awareness, HD map sharing, and sensor sharing). Given a scenario summary, service objective, and telemetry, the LLM generates a structured policy containing service priorities, weight bounds, and safety constraints. A validator checks and repairs the policy before the controller enforces it via scheduler-weight adaptation in ns-3/ns3-ai. The evaluation compares proportional fair scheduling, static expert policies, a heuristic xApp, static LLM policies, and adaptive LLM-rApp policies over 126 completed runs. Metrics include deadline-constrained packet reception ratio, tail latency, deadline violations, throughput, fairness, policy validity, and safety interventions. Results show that the adaptive LLM-rApp/xApp design generates valid and executable policies and remains competitive at several operating points, including improved mean critical reliability over PF at the highest density. However, paired statistical analysis shows that the adaptive method is not the best aggregate method and remains below the strongest static policies overall. These results support Agentic-V2X as a safe, executable small-LLM policy-generation architecture rather than a universally dominant scheduler.
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